Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119992, Moscow, Russia; Eurasian Centre for Food Security, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Jun;249:200-207. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.020. Epub 2019 Mar 9.
The assessment of the current state and dynamics of heavy metal (HM) soil pollution in Russia is compiled based on the data published in open scientific journals and reporting documents of the environmental agencies using a number of indicators (background concentration, maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), tentative permissible concentrations (TPC) and total pollution index Z). The main attention is paid to the situation with punctual pollution of the heavily contaminated sites, and to the diffuse pollution of urban soils and agricultural lands. In impact zones of large industrial centres, because of the decrease in HM emissions, no additional soil pollution was registered since 2007. However, despite a sharp decline in HM input into soils, the level of pollutants in soils next to industrial enterprises remains high, because soils accumulate metals in the bound species. For urban soils and suburbs, a decrease in Pb content was documented in sites, where soil remediation measures have been implemented. The results of the survey compiled in 2008-2017, for settlements located in different regions of the Russia, showed that according to state regulations, the 1.7% of investigated lands can be considered as "dangerous", 9.1% as "moderately dangerous" and 89.2% as "permissible", in respect to soil HM pollution. For agricultural lands, it was showed that the average content of mobile species of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr and Hg are below the permissible limits and tend to decrease. The agricultural soils with the HM concentrations above the critical limits constitute a few percent of the total area of the surveyed arable lands. For a better assessment of soil pollution of Russia, it is necessary to increase the area of surveys, to unify approaches to select the pollution indicators and to develop regulatory standards dependent on land use.
俄罗斯的重金属（HM）土壤污染现状和动态评估是基于发表在开放科学期刊和环境机构报告文件中的数据，使用了一些指标（背景浓度、最大允许浓度（MPC）、暂定允许浓度（TPC）和总污染指数 Z）编译的。主要关注的是污染严重地区的点状污染情况，以及城市土壤和农业用地的弥散污染情况。在大型工业中心的影响区，由于重金属排放量的减少，自 2007 年以来，没有记录到额外的土壤污染。然而，尽管重金属输入到土壤中的数量急剧减少，但紧邻工业企业的土壤中污染物的水平仍然很高，因为土壤会将金属固定在结合态。对于城市土壤和郊区，在已经实施了土壤修复措施的地点，记录到 Pb 含量的下降。2008-2017 年在俄罗斯不同地区的定居点进行的调查结果表明，根据国家规定，1.7%的调查土地可以被认为是“危险的”，9.1%是“中度危险的”，89.2%是“允许的”，这是关于土壤重金属污染的。对于农业用地，结果表明，Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr 和 Hg 的可移动物种的平均含量低于允许限度，且呈下降趋势。重金属浓度超过临界极限的农业土壤占调查耕地总面积的少数比例。为了更好地评估俄罗斯的土壤污染，有必要增加调查面积，统一选择污染指标的方法，并制定依赖于土地利用的监管标准。
