Identification and characterization of microRNAs in the gonads of Crassostrea hongkongensis using high-throughput sequencing.

Crassostrea hongkongensis is one of the three most-commonly cultivated oyster species in China. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) expression in the gonads have been widely investigated, few studies of miRNAs in mollusk gonads are available, particularly in oyster. In the present study, we analyzed the miRNAs expressed in the ovaries and testes of C. hongkongensis. We obtained 14,166,409 and 15,133,900 raw reads from the ovaries and testes, respectively, yielding 13,634,997 (ovarian) and 14,494,149 (testicular) 18-35-nt sequences. We mapped these sequences to the C. hongkongensis genome reference sequence, and identified 8,771,717 (ovarian) and 9,926,014 (testicular) sequences corresponding to miRNAs in the Rfam database. After blasting the miRNA sequences against the miRBase database, we identified 50 known mature miRNAs and 53 novel miRNAs. Of these, 27 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in ovaries as compared to the testes, and 43 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in the testes as compared to the ovaries. To validate the differential expression results generated by Illumina sequencing, we used RT-real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to characterize the expression patterns of the six most differently expressed miRNAs (lgi-miR-1990, lgi-miR-1986, lgi-miR-263b, lgi-miR-279, lgi-miR-1992, and novel_98) as well as two miRNAs associated with gonad development (lgi-miR-29 and lgi-miR-8). Most of the RT-qPCR miRNA expression patterns were similar to those recovered by high-throughput sequencing with the exceptions of novel_98 and lgi-miR-1992. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations indicated that the multi-organism cellular process GO category was enriched with the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. Additionally, the target genes were enriched in several KEGG pathways, including the ECM-receptor interaction, galactose metabolism, phagosome, and notch signaling pathway. These pathways are involved in gonadal differentiation and the maintenance of gonad function. This identification and characterization of the miRNAs differentially expressed between the ovaries and testes of C. hongkongensis will increase our understanding of the role of miRNAs in gonad differentiation in the oyster.