School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Dynafor, INPT, EI Purpan, INRA, Univ. Toulouse, Auzeville, France.
PLoS One. 2019 Jul 22;14(7):e0220155. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220155. eCollection 2019.
While the area of plantation forest increased globally between 2010 and 2015, more than twice the area of natural forests was lost over the same period (6.5 million ha natural forest lost per year versus 3.2 million ha plantation gained per year). Consequently, there is an increasing need to understand how plantation land use affects biodiversity. The relative conservation value of plantation forests is context dependent, being influenced by previous land use, management regimes and landscape composition. What is less well understood, and of importance to conservation management, is the consistency of diversity patterns across regions, and the degree to which useful generalisations can be provided within and among bioregions. Here, we analyse forest birds in Ireland, France and Portugal, representing distinct regions across the Atlantic biogeographic area of Europe. We compared taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of bird communities among conifer plantations and semi-natural oak forests, and assessed correlations between species traits and forest type across these regions. Although bird composition (assessed with NMDS ordination) differed consistently between plantation and oak forests across all three regions, species richness and Shannon diversity did not show a consistent pattern. In Ireland and France, metrics of taxonomic diversity (richness and Shannon diversity), functional diversity, functional dispersion and phylogenetic diversity were greater in oak forests than plantations. However, in Portugal taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity did not differ significantly between forest types, while functional diversity and dispersion were statistically significantly greater in plantations. No single bird trait-forest type association correlated in a consistent direction across the three study regions. Trait associations for the French bird communities appeared intermediate between those in Ireland and Portugal, and when trait correlations were significant in both Ireland and Portugal, the direction of the correlation was always opposite. The variation in response of bird communities to conifer plantations indicates that care is needed when generalising patterns of community diversity and assembly mechanisms across regions.
虽然 2010 年至 2015 年间全球种植林面积有所增加，但同期天然林损失面积超过两倍（每年损失 650 万公顷天然林，而每年新增种植林 320 万公顷）。因此，人们越来越需要了解种植林土地利用如何影响生物多样性。种植林的相对保护价值取决于具体情况，受先前土地利用、管理模式和景观组成的影响。相对而言，不太为人所了解的、对保护管理很重要的是，多样性模式在不同地区的一致性，以及在生物区之间和之内提供有用概括的程度。在这里，我们分析了爱尔兰、法国和葡萄牙的森林鸟类，这些国家代表了欧洲大西洋生物地理区的不同地区。我们比较了针叶林种植园和半天然栎树林中鸟类群落的分类学、功能和系统发育多样性，并评估了这些地区物种特征与森林类型之间的相关性。尽管在所有三个地区，鸟类群落的组成（通过 NMDS 排序评估）在种植林和栎树林之间始终存在差异，但物种丰富度和香农多样性没有表现出一致的模式。在爱尔兰和法国，栎树林的分类多样性（丰富度和香农多样性）、功能多样性、功能离散度和系统发育多样性均大于种植林。然而，在葡萄牙，森林类型之间的分类和系统发育多样性没有显著差异，而功能多样性和离散度在种植林中统计上显著更大。没有一个单一的鸟类特征-森林类型关联在三个研究地区以一致的方向相关。法国鸟类群落的特征关联介于爱尔兰和葡萄牙之间，当爱尔兰和葡萄牙的特征相关性均显著时，相关性的方向总是相反的。鸟类群落对针叶林种植园的反应的变化表明，在跨地区推广群落多样性和组装机制的模式时需要谨慎。
