Antifungal resistance in dermatophytes: Recent trends and therapeutic implications.

Dermatophytoses or tinea refers to superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissues. Although generally considered easy to treat, recalcitrant infections, presenting as extensive and difficult to treat tinea corporis and cruris, are on the rise in some parts of the world. The situation demands an understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the available antifungals against dermatophytes and the possible contribution of drug resistance and other factors to the present scenario. In this review, we provide the readers a comprehensive account of the available literature on in-vitro and in-vivo resistance to clinically used antifungals among dermatophytes. We have also added, in brief, the relevant skin pharmacokinetics of important systemic drugs. The established and postulated mechanisms of drug resistance are discussed and aspects on lack of in vivo correlation of in vitro resistance are presented. Finally, the lacunae in our existing knowledge on the topic and the arenas for future research are highlighted.