Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Pediatrics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
Nutrients. 2019 Jul 22;11(7):1680. doi: 10.3390/nu11071680.
Linkages between diet and other lifestyle factors may confound observational studies. We used cluster analysis to analyze how the intake of food and nutrients during pregnancy co-varies with lifestyle, clinical and demographic factors in 567 women who participated in the NICE (nutritional impact on immunological maturation during childhood in relation to the environment) birth-cohort in northern Sweden. A food frequency questionnaire, Meal-Q, was administered in pregnancy Week 34, and the reported food and nutrient intakes were related to maternal characteristics such as age, education, rural/town residence, parity, pre-pregnancy smoking, first-trimester BMI, allergy and hyperemesis. Two lifestyle-diet clusters were identified: (1) High level of education and higher age were related to one another, and associated with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish, and (2) smoking before pregnancy and higher BMI in early pregnancy were related to one another and associated with a diet that contained white bread, French fries, pizza, meat, soft drinks, candy and snacks. More than half of the women had lower-than-recommended daily intake levels of vitamin D, folate, selenium, and iodine. Complex lifestyle-diet interactions should be considered in observational studies that link diet and pregnancy outcome.
饮食和其他生活方式因素之间的关联可能会使观察性研究复杂化。我们使用聚类分析来分析在瑞典北部参加 NICE（营养对儿童期免疫成熟的影响与环境的关系）出生队列的 567 名女性中，怀孕期间食物和营养素的摄入如何与生活方式、临床和人口统计学因素共同变化。在妊娠第 34 周时进行了食物频率问卷（Meal-Q）调查，报告的食物和营养素摄入量与母亲的特征有关，如年龄、教育程度、农村/城镇居住、产次、孕前吸烟、孕早期 BMI、过敏和妊娠剧吐。确定了两种生活方式-饮食聚类：（1）较高的教育水平和较高的年龄相互关联，与富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物和鱼类的饮食相关；（2）孕前吸烟和孕早期较高的 BMI 相互关联，与包含白面包、炸薯条、比萨饼、肉、软饮料、糖果和零食的饮食相关。超过一半的女性维生素 D、叶酸、硒和碘的日推荐摄入量水平较低。在将饮食与妊娠结局联系起来的观察性研究中，应考虑复杂的生活方式-饮食相互作用。
