Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Ethical considerations.

The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) is systematically ambiguous between electronic expert systems that are used by healthcare professionals in carrying out their tasks and full AIs, which are stand-alone independent electronic entities that function much like human healthcare professionals except that they are electronic and not biological in nature. This discussion sketches the distinct ethical considerations that are relevant to the two kinds of AI while acknowledging that currently there are no full AIs.