School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology and Centre of Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Biology and Centre of Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Chemosphere. 2019 Dec;236:124390. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124390. Epub 2019 Jul 17.
Azo dyes are the largest class of dyes extensively used by industries despite their mutagenic potential for humans. As such, natural dyes have been reemerging as an important alternative to human safety. However, limited studies have focused on the effect of dyes on the environment, thus their ecotoxicological investigation is imperative. Here, we aimed to evaluate toxic effects induced by the synthetic azo dye Basic Red 51 (BR51) in comparison with natural dye erythrostominone (Ery) in the microcrustacean Daphnia magna, a standard organism used to assess the risk of chemicals to aquatic organisms. The colorless product formed after the photodegradation of Ery (DEry) was also evaluated, addressing an easy and low cost alternative for industrial effluent treatments. The results showed that both dyes are acutely toxic to D. magna. BR51 and Ery reduced the intrinsic rate of D. magna population increase, which generated fewer neonates per brood. BR51 also increased daphnids respiration rates. In contrast, DEry did not alter any of the analyzed parameters. No locomotor changes were observed when daphnids were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Ery or BR51. These results indicate that both dyes can induce deleterious consequences for daphnids including population level effects, but the natural dye Ery presents 100-fold lower toxicity in comparison with the azo dye BR51. Also, that photodegradation of Ery is an efficient method to reduce and prevent previously observed toxic effects, suggesting an inexpensive, fast and easy alternative for treatment of effluents containing this natural dye.
偶氮染料是工业上广泛使用的最大一类染料，尽管它们对人类具有诱变潜力。因此，天然染料作为人类安全的重要替代品重新出现。然而，对染料对环境影响的研究有限，因此对其进行生态毒理学研究至关重要。在这里，我们旨在评估合成偶氮染料碱性红 51（BR51）与天然染料血根碱（Ery）对大型溞（Daphnia magna）的毒性影响，大型溞是一种用于评估化学物质对水生生物风险的标准生物。还评估了 Ery 光降解后形成的无色产物（DEry），这是一种用于工业废水处理的简单且低成本的替代方法。结果表明，两种染料对大型溞均具有急性毒性。BR51 和 Ery 降低了大型溞种群增长率，每窝产生的幼体减少。BR51 还增加了溞类的呼吸速率。相比之下，DEry 并未改变任何分析参数。当溞类暴露于亚致死浓度的 Ery 或 BR51 时，没有观察到运动变化。这些结果表明，两种染料都会对大型溞产生有害影响，包括种群水平的影响，但与偶氮染料 BR51 相比，天然染料 Ery 的毒性低 100 倍。此外，Ery 的光降解是一种有效减少和预防先前观察到的毒性影响的方法，为含有这种天然染料的废水处理提供了一种廉价、快速且简单的替代方法。
