School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology and Centre of Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Chemosphere. 2017 Jul;178:282-290. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.030. Epub 2017 Mar 9.
Organic dyes extracted from natural sources have been widely used to develop safety and eco-friendly dyes as an alternative to synthetic ones, since the latter are usually precursors of mutagenic compounds. Thereby, toxicity tests to non-target organisms are critical step to develop harmless dyes to environment and in this context, zebrafish early life stages are becoming an important alternative model. We aimed to assess the toxic effects of the synthetic dye Basic Red 51 (BR51, used in cosmetic industry), the natural dye erythrostominone (ERY, a potential commercial dye extracted from fungi) and its photodegradation product (DERY), using zebrafish early life assays. Developmental malformations on embryos and behavioral impairment on larvae were explored. Our results showed that embryos exposed to BR51 and ERY exhibited a large yolk sac (LOEC = 7.5 mg L), possibly due to a deformity or delayed resorption. ERY also induced pericardial and yolk sac edemas at high concentrations (LOEC = 15 and 30 mg L, respectively). Moreover, larvae swan less distance and time when exposed to ERY (LOEC = 7.5 mg L) and BR51 (LOEC = 1.875 mg L). The lowest larvae locomotion have been associated with impairment of the yolk sac, important tissue of the energy source. Interestingly, DERY did not affect neither development nor behavior of zebrafish, showing that ERY photodegradation is sufficient to prevent its toxic effects. In conclusion, both natural and synthetic dyes impaired development and behavior of zebrafish early life, therefore, a simple treatment of the natural dye can prevent the aquatic life impact.
从天然来源提取的有机染料已被广泛用于开发安全且环保的染料，以替代合成染料，因为后者通常是诱变化合物的前体。因此，对非目标生物进行毒性测试是开发对环境无害染料的关键步骤，在这种情况下，斑马鱼早期生活阶段成为一种重要的替代模型。我们旨在评估合成染料碱性红 51（BR51，用于化妆品工业）、天然染料血根红（ERY，一种从真菌中提取的潜在商业染料）及其光降解产物（DERY）对斑马鱼早期生活的毒性影响，使用斑马鱼早期生活试验。研究了胚胎发育畸形和幼虫行为障碍。我们的结果表明，暴露于 BR51 和 ERY 的胚胎表现出大卵黄囊（LOEC = 7.5 mg/L），可能是由于畸形或延迟吸收。ERY 还在高浓度下诱导心包和卵黄囊水肿（LOEC = 15 和 30 mg/L，分别）。此外，暴露于 ERY（LOEC = 7.5 mg/L）和 BR51（LOEC = 1.875 mg/L）的幼虫游动距离和时间减少。幼虫的最低游动能力与卵黄囊的损伤有关，卵黄囊是能量来源的重要组织。有趣的是，DERY 既没有影响胚胎的发育，也没有影响幼虫的行为，这表明 ERY 的光降解足以防止其毒性作用。总之，天然染料和合成染料都损害了斑马鱼早期生活的发育和行为，因此，对天然染料进行简单处理可以防止对水生生物的影响。
