Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
Biomolecules. 2019 Jul 24;9(8):298. doi: 10.3390/biom9080298.
Elesclomol ((-malonyl-bis(-methyl--thiobenzoylhydrazide)); formerly STA-4783) is a mitochondria-targeted chemotherapeutic agent that has demonstrated efficacy in selective cancer cell killing in pre-clinical and clinical testing. The biologically active form of elesclomol is a deprotonated copper chelate (elesclomol:copper; E:C), which has been shown to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce a transcriptional gene profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response in vitro. Previous studies suggest that E:C interacts with the electron transport chain (ETC) to generate high levels of ROS within the organelle and ultimately induce cell death. The purpose of this study was to further explore the mechanism of cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of E:C by examining its direct effect on mitochondrial bioenergetic function. The results obtained indicate that E:C treatment in whole cells of non-tumorigenic origin at high concentrations (40 M and higher) induces a rapid and substantial increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, similar higher concentrations of E:C act as a direct uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and generalized inhibitor of electron transport activity in isolated, intact mitochondria, and induce a dose-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in freeze-thawed mitochondrial preparations. The results of this study are important in that they are the first to demonstrate a direct effect of the E:C chelate on bioenergetic function in isolated mammalian mitochondria, and suggest the possibility that the increase in ROS production and cytotoxicity induced by E:C may in part be due to uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and/or inhibition of electron transport activity. These results also provide important information about the mechanisms of mitochondrial and cellular toxicity induced by E:C and will ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of elesclomol as an anticancer compound.
埃斯克罗莫尔((-丙二酰基-双(-甲基--硫代苯甲酰基)肼);以前称为 STA-4783)是一种靶向线粒体的化疗药物,已在临床前和临床试验中证明了其在选择性杀伤癌细胞方面的功效。埃斯克罗莫尔的生物活性形式是一种去质子化的铜配合物(埃斯克罗莫尔:铜;E:C),已被证明能增强活性氧(ROS)的产生,并诱导体外氧化应激反应的转录基因特征。先前的研究表明,E:C 与电子传递链(ETC)相互作用,在细胞器内产生高水平的 ROS,并最终诱导细胞死亡。本研究的目的是通过检查其对线粒体生物能功能的直接影响,进一步探讨 E:C 的细胞和线粒体毒性的机制。研究结果表明,在高浓度(40 μM 及以上)下,E:C 处理非致瘤源性细胞的整个细胞会迅速且大量增加线粒体中超氧化物的水平并耗散线粒体膜电位。此外,类似的较高浓度的 E:C 作为氧化磷酸化的直接解偶联剂和分离的完整线粒体中电子传递活性的通用抑制剂,诱导冻融线粒体制剂中线粒体 NADH-泛醌氧化还原酶活性的剂量依赖性抑制。本研究的结果很重要,因为它们首次证明了 E:C 配合物对分离的哺乳动物线粒体生物能功能的直接影响,并表明 E:C 诱导的 ROS 产生和细胞毒性增加可能部分归因于线粒体氧化磷酸化的解偶联和/或电子传递活性的抑制。这些结果还为 E:C 诱导的线粒体和细胞毒性的机制提供了重要信息,并将最终有助于更好地理解埃斯克罗莫尔作为抗癌化合物的治疗潜力。
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