Center for Pre-Speech Development and Developmental Disorders, Department of Orthodontics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Center for Pre-Speech Development and Developmental Disorders, Department of Orthodontics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
J Voice. 2021 Jan;35(1):94-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 23.
To evaluate the flexibility of respiratory behavior during spontaneous crying using an objective analysis of temporal measures in healthy neonates.
A total of 1,375 time intervals, comprising breath cycles related to the spontaneous crying of 72 healthy, full-term neonates (35 females) aged between two and four days, were analyzed quantitatively.
Digital recordings (44 kHz, 16 bit) of cries emitted in a spontaneous, pain-free context were obtained at the University Children's Hospital Wurzburg. The amplitude-by-time representation of PRAAT: doing phonetics by computer (38) was used for the manual segmentation of single breath-cycles involving phonation. Cursors were set in these time intervals to mark the duration of inspiratory (IPh) and expiratory phases (EPh), and double-checks were carried out using auditory analyses. A PRAAT script was used to extract temporal features automatically. The only intervals analyzed were those that contained an expiratory cry utterance embedded within preceding and subsequent inspiratory phonation (IP). Beyond the reliable identification of IPh and EPh, this approach also guaranteed inter-individual and inter-utterance homogenization with respect to inspiratory strength and an unconstructed vocal tract.
Despite the physiological constraints of the neonatal respiratory system, a high degree of flexibility in the ratio of IPh/EPh was observed. This ratio changed hyperbolically (r = 0.71) with breath-cycle duration. Descriptive statistics for all the temporal measures are reported as reference values for future studies.
The existence of respiratory exploration during the spontaneous crying of healthy neonates is supported by quantitative data. From a clinical perspective, the data demonstrate the presence of a high degree of flexibility in the respiratory behavior, particularly neonates' control capability with respect to variable cry durations. These data are discussed in relation to future clinical applications.
通过对健康新生儿自然哭泣时时间测量的客观分析，评估呼吸行为的灵活性。
共分析了 72 名健康足月新生儿（35 名女性）2 至 4 天自然哭泣时的 1375 个时间间隔，这些时间间隔与哭泣呼吸周期有关。
哭声是在维尔茨堡大学儿童医院在无疼痛的自然环境下采集的，使用 PRAAT：用计算机进行语音学分析（38）的振幅-时间表示法手动分割涉及发声的单个呼吸周期。在这些时间间隔中设置游标以标记吸气（IPh）和呼气（EPh）阶段的持续时间，并使用听觉分析进行双重检查。使用 PRAAT 脚本自动提取时间特征。仅分析包含呼气哭声的时间间隔，该呼气哭声嵌入在先前和随后的吸气发声（IP）中。除了可靠地识别 IPh 和 EPh 之外，这种方法还保证了吸气强度和未构造声道的个体间和次发声间的均匀性。
尽管新生儿呼吸系统存在生理限制，但 IPh/EPh 比值具有很高的灵活性。该比值与呼吸周期持续时间呈双曲线关系（r=0.71）。所有时间测量的描述性统计数据均作为未来研究的参考值报告。
健康新生儿自然哭泣时存在呼吸探索，这一点得到了定量数据的支持。从临床角度来看，数据表明呼吸行为具有高度的灵活性，特别是新生儿对可变哭声持续时间的控制能力。这些数据与未来的临床应用有关。
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