Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA.
Chem Soc Rev. 2019 Sep 16;48(18):4823-4853. doi: 10.1039/c9cs00250b.
Multi-component hierarchically porous materials are an emerging class of materials with tailored compositions, tunable distribution and sophisticated applications. An increasing demand for multifunctionalities and hierarchical structures has resulted in extensive studies on multi-component hierarchical metal-organic frameworks and other open framework compounds. This review article focuses on recent advances in multi-component and hierarchical framework materials, covering the design and synthetic strategies of these architectures, their characterization, and the latest applications. Multivariate MOFs prepared under various synthetic conditions (one-pot or post-synthetic) and their building block distributions are introduced and summarized. This is followed by a short review of characterization techniques including solid-state NMR and photothermal induced resonance, and their potential applications in gas storage, separation, heterogeneous catalysis, guest delivery, and luminescence. Furthermore, guided by the same design principles, the synthesis and applications of multi-component hierarchical covalent-organic frameworks, metal-organic cages and porous organic cages are introduced and discussed. Together, this review is expected to provide a library of multi-component hierarchically porous compounds, which could also guide the state-of-the-art design and discovery of future porous materials with unprecedented tunability, synergism and precision.
多组分分级多孔材料是一类新兴的材料，具有可定制的组成、可调谐的分布和复杂的应用。对多功能性和分级结构的需求不断增加，导致对多组分分级金属有机骨架和其他开放骨架化合物进行了广泛的研究。本文重点介绍了多组分和分级框架材料的最新进展，涵盖了这些结构的设计和合成策略、其表征以及最新的应用。介绍并总结了在各种合成条件（一锅法或后合成法）下制备的多变量 MOF 及其构筑块分布。随后，简要回顾了包括固态 NMR 和光热诱导共振在内的表征技术，以及它们在气体储存、分离、多相催化、客体传递和发光等方面的潜在应用。此外，受相同设计原则的指导，还介绍和讨论了多组分分级共价有机骨架、金属有机笼和多孔有机笼的合成和应用。总之，这篇综述提供了一个多组分分级多孔化合物库，也可以指导具有前所未有的可调节性、协同性和精准性的未来多孔材料的最新设计和发现。
