Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(12):1109-1132. doi: 10.2174/1570159X17666190726112101.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. It has recognized activity as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and has suspected roles as a neurological and reproductive toxicant. It interferes in steroid signaling, induces oxidative stress, and affects gene expression epigenetically. Gestational, perinatal and neonatal exposures to BPA affect developmental processes, including brain development and gametogenesis, with consequences on brain functions, behavior, and fertility.
This review critically analyzes recent findings on the neuro-toxic and reproductive effects of BPA (and its analogues), with focus on neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, glia and microglia activity, cognitive functions, and the central and local control of reproduction.
BPA has potential human health hazard associated with gestational, peri- and neonatal exposure. Beginning with BPA's disposition, this review summarizes recent findings on the neurotoxicity of BPA and its analogues, on neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, neuro-degeneration, and impairment of cognitive abilities. Furthermore, it reports the recent findings on the activity of BPA along the HPG axis, effects on the hypothalamic Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), and the associated effects on reproduction in both sexes and successful pregnancy.
BPA and its analogues impair neuronal activity, HPG axis function, reproduction, and fertility. Contrasting results have emerged in animal models and human. Thus, further studies are needed to better define their safety levels. This review offers new insights on these issues with the aim to find the "fil rouge", if any, that characterize BPA's mechanism of action with outcomes on neuronal function and reproduction.
双酚 A（BPA）是全球产量最高的化学物质之一。它具有公认的内分泌干扰化学物质活性，并被怀疑具有神经毒性和生殖毒性。它干扰类固醇信号转导，诱导氧化应激，并通过表观遗传方式影响基因表达。妊娠期、围产期和新生儿期接触 BPA 会影响发育过程，包括大脑发育和配子发生，从而对大脑功能、行为和生育能力产生影响。
本综述批判性地分析了 BPA（及其类似物）的神经毒性和生殖毒性的最新发现，重点关注神经元分化、突触可塑性、神经胶质和小胶质细胞活性、认知功能以及生殖的中枢和局部控制。
BPA 具有与妊娠期、围产期和新生儿期暴露相关的潜在人类健康危害。从 BPA 的处置开始，本综述总结了 BPA 及其类似物的神经毒性、神经元分化、突触可塑性、神经炎症、神经退行性变和认知能力损害的最新发现。此外，它还报告了 BPA 沿着 HPG 轴的活性、对下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 的影响以及对两性生殖和成功妊娠的相关影响的最新发现。
BPA 及其类似物会损害神经元活动、HPG 轴功能、生殖和生育能力。动物模型和人类的结果存在差异。因此，需要进一步的研究来更好地定义其安全水平。本综述就这些问题提供了新的见解，旨在寻找 BPA 作用机制与神经元功能和生殖结局之间的“联系”。
