Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
FEBS Lett. 2019 Sep;593(17):2428-2451. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13563. Epub 2019 Aug 31.
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the simplest cellular glycerophospholipid characterized by unique biophysical properties: a small headgroup; negative charge; and a phosphomonoester group. Upon interaction with lysine or arginine, PA charge increases from -1 to -2 and this change stabilizes protein-lipid interactions. The biochemical properties of PA also allow interactions with lipids in several subcellular compartments. Based on this feature, PA is involved in the regulation and amplification of many cellular signalling pathways and functions, as well as in membrane rearrangements. Thereby, PA can influence membrane fusion and fission through four main mechanisms: it is a substrate for enzymes producing lipids (lysophosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol) that are involved in fission or fusion; it contributes to membrane rearrangements by generating negative membrane curvature; it interacts with proteins required for membrane fusion and fission; and it activates enzymes whose products are involved in membrane rearrangements. Here, we discuss the biophysical properties of PA in the context of the above four roles of PA in membrane fusion and fission.
磷脂酸（PA）是最简单的细胞甘油磷脂，具有独特的物理化学性质：小的头部基团；负电荷；和一个磷酸单酯基团。当与赖氨酸或精氨酸相互作用时，PA 的电荷从-1 增加到-2，这种变化稳定了蛋白质-脂相互作用。PA 的生化性质也允许与几个亚细胞区室中的脂质相互作用。基于这一特性，PA 参与了许多细胞信号通路和功能的调节和放大，以及膜的重排。因此，PA 可以通过四种主要机制影响膜融合和裂变：它是产生参与分裂或融合的脂质（溶血磷脂酸和二酰基甘油）的酶的底物；通过产生负膜曲率来促进膜重排；与膜融合和裂变所需的蛋白质相互作用；并激活其产物参与膜重排的酶。在这里，我们讨论了 PA 的物理化学性质，以及 PA 在膜融合和裂变中的上述四个作用。
