Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece.
Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jul 30;16(15):2713. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16152713.
A literature review was conducted to identify evidence of cases and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) that have been reported from on board ships and the methods applied on board for prevention and control, worldwide, in 1990 to April 2019. Moreover, evidence from seroprevalence studies for the same diseases were also included. The literature review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 1795 cases (115 outbreaks, 7 case reports) were identified, the majority were among crew (1466/1795, 81.7%) and were varicella cases (1497, 83.4%). The origin of crew cases was from sub-tropical countries in many reports. Measles (40 cases, 69% among crew), rubella (47, 88.7%), herpes zoster (9, 69.2%) and varicella cases (1316, 87.9%) were more frequent among crew. Mumps cases were equal among passengers and crew (22/22). Hepatitis A (73/92, 70.3%), meningococcal meningitis (16/29, 44.8%), and pertussis (9/9) were more frequent among passengers. Two outbreaks resulted in 262 secondary measles cases on land. Review results were used to draft a new chapter for prevention and control of VPDs in the European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Disease Surveillance on Passenger Ships. Despite past and current evidence for cross-border VPD transmission and maritime occupational risks, documented pre-employment examination of immune status, vaccination of seafarers, and travel advice to passengers are not yet regulated.
进行了文献回顾，以确定自 1990 年至 2019 年 4 月期间，全球范围内在船舶上报告的可通过疫苗预防的疾病（VPD）病例和暴发情况，以及船上应用的预防和控制方法。此外，还包括了针对同一疾病的血清阳性率研究证据。文献回顾是根据系统评价的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南进行的。共确定了 1795 例病例（115 起暴发，7 例病例报告），其中大多数发生在船员中（1466/1795，81.7%），且为水痘病例（1497，83.4%）。船员病例的来源在许多报告中来自亚热带国家。麻疹（40 例，船员中 69%）、风疹（47 例，88.7%）、带状疱疹（9 例，69.2%）和水痘病例（1316 例，87.9%）在船员中更为常见。腮腺炎病例在乘客和船员中相等（22/22）。甲型肝炎（73/92，70.3%）、脑膜炎球菌脑膜炎（16/29，44.8%）和百日咳（9/9）在乘客中更为常见。两次暴发导致陆上 262 例继发麻疹病例。审查结果被用于为《欧洲客船卫生标准和传染病监测手册》编写一个关于预防和控制 VPD 的新章节。尽管过去和现在都有跨境 VPD 传播和航海职业风险的证据，但对海员免疫状况的入职前检查、海员疫苗接种和向乘客提供旅行建议尚未得到规范。
