Department of Electronic Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Investigaciones sanitarias de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2019 Jul 30;19(15):3347. doi: 10.3390/s19153347.
Diabetes is a very complex condition affecting millions of people around the world. Its occurrence, always accompanied by sustained hyperglycemia, leads to many medical complications that can be greatly mitigated when the disease is treated in its earliest stage. In this paper, a novel sensing approach for the early non-invasive detection and monitoring of sustained hyperglycemia is presented. The sensing principle is based on millimeter-wave transmission spectroscopy through the skin and subsequent statistical analysis of the amplitude data. A classifier based on functional principal components for sustained hyperglycemia prediction was validated on a sample of twelve mice, correctly classifying the condition in diabetic mice. Using the same classifier, sixteen mice with drug-induced diabetes were studied for two weeks. The proposed sensing approach was capable of assessing the glycemic states at different stages of induced diabetes, providing a clear transition from normoglycemia to hyperglycemia typically associated with diabetes. This is believed to be the first presentation of such evolution studies using non-invasive sensing. The results obtained indicate that gradual glycemic changes associated with diabetes can be accurately detected by non-invasively sensing the metabolism using a millimeter-wave spectral sensor, with an observed temporal resolution of around four days. This unprecedented detection speed and its non-invasive character could open new opportunities for the continuous control and monitoring of diabetics and the evaluation of response to treatments (including new therapies), enabling a much more appropriate control of the condition.
糖尿病是一种非常复杂的疾病，影响着全球数百万人。它的发生总是伴随着持续的高血糖，导致许多医疗并发症，如果在疾病的早期得到治疗，可以大大减轻。本文提出了一种新的传感方法，用于早期非侵入性检测和监测持续的高血糖。传感原理基于通过皮肤的毫米波传输光谱，以及对幅度数据的统计分析。基于功能主成分的分类器用于预测持续高血糖，在 12 只小鼠的样本上进行了验证，正确地对糖尿病小鼠进行了分类。使用相同的分类器，对 16 只药物诱导的糖尿病小鼠进行了两周的研究。所提出的传感方法能够评估诱导糖尿病不同阶段的血糖状态，从通常与糖尿病相关的正常血糖到高血糖的转变清晰可见。这被认为是首次使用非侵入性传感进行这种演变研究的报告。所获得的结果表明，使用毫米波光谱传感器非侵入性地感测代谢，可以准确地检测到与糖尿病相关的逐渐的血糖变化，观察到的时间分辨率约为四天。这种前所未有的检测速度及其非侵入性特征为糖尿病患者的连续控制和监测以及对治疗反应（包括新疗法）的评估开辟了新的机会，从而可以更恰当地控制病情。
