Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;29(10):1117-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.136. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adults. It is characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention (IA) and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity (HI). The ADHD diagnosis is hypothesized to represent the extreme of a continuous distribution of ADHD symptoms in the general population. In this study, we investigated whether factors linked to adult ADHD as a disorder are associated with adult ADHD symptoms in the general population. Our population-based sample included 4987 adults (mean age 56.1 years; 53.8% female) recruited by the Nijmegen Biomedical Study (NBS). Participants completed the Dutch ADHD DSM-IV Rating Scale for current and childhood ADHD symptoms, the Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R) anxiety subscale, and the Eysenk Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-S). Partial Spearman correlation and Hurdle negative binomial regression analysis were used to assess how age, sex, childhood ADHD symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism) are associated with current IA and HI symptoms. Increasing age was associated with a lower proportion of participants reporting HI symptoms and with reduced levels of HI; IA levels remained fairly stable over the age-range, but the probability of reporting IA symptoms increased throughout middle/late adulthood. Females were more likely to report IA symptoms than males. Childhood ADHD symptoms, neuroticism, and psychoticism were positively associated with current IA and HI symptoms, while extraversion had an opposite association with these symptom domains. Anxiety symptoms affected HI symptoms in females. Our results indicate that factors associated with categorical ADHD are also correlated with ADHD symptoms in the adult population.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是儿童和成人的一种神经发育障碍。其特征为不适当的注意力不集中（IA）和/或多动和冲动（HI）。ADHD 的诊断被假设代表了一般人群中 ADHD 症状连续分布的极端情况。在这项研究中，我们调查了与成人 ADHD 作为一种障碍相关的因素是否与一般人群中的成人 ADHD 症状有关。我们的基于人群的样本包括由奈梅亨生物医学研究（NBS）招募的 4987 名成年人（平均年龄 56.1 岁；53.8%为女性）。参与者完成了荷兰 ADHD DSM-IV 评定量表（用于当前和儿童期 ADHD 症状）、症状清单-90-R（SCL-90-R）焦虑分量表和爱森克人格问卷（EPQR-S）。部分 Spearman 相关和障碍负二项式回归分析用于评估年龄、性别、儿童期 ADHD 症状、焦虑症状和人格特质（神经质、外向性和精神病质）如何与当前的 IA 和 HI 症状相关。年龄增长与报告 HI 症状的参与者比例较低以及 HI 水平降低有关；IA 水平在整个年龄范围内相当稳定，但报告 IA 症状的概率在中年/晚年增加。女性比男性更有可能报告 IA 症状。儿童期 ADHD 症状、神经质和精神病质与当前的 IA 和 HI 症状呈正相关，而外向性则与这些症状领域呈相反的关联。焦虑症状影响女性的 HI 症状。我们的结果表明，与分类 ADHD 相关的因素也与成年人群中的 ADHD 症状相关。
