Cardiac neural crest contributes to cardiomyocytes in amniotes and heart regeneration in zebrafish.

Cardiac neural crest cells contribute to important portions of the cardiovascular system including the aorticopulmonary septum and cardiac ganglion. Using replication incompetent avian retroviruses for precise high-resolution lineage analysis, we uncover a previously undescribed neural crest contribution to cardiomyocytes of the ventricles in , supported by lineage analysis in . To test the intriguing possibility that neural crest cells contribute to heart repair, we examined adult heart regeneration in the neural crest transgenic line, . Whereas the adult heart has few cells in the apex, and other neural crest regulatory network genes are upregulated in the regenerating myocardium after resection. The results suggest that neural crest cells contribute to many cardiovascular structures including cardiomyocytes across vertebrates and to the regenerating heart of teleost fish. Thus, understanding molecular mechanisms that control the normal development of the neural crest into cardiomyocytes and reactivation of the neural crest program upon regeneration may open potential therapeutic approaches to repair heart damage in amniotes.