Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry - Panepistimioupolis, Thessaloniki, Greece.
ANALYSIS - DELCOF S.A., Quality Control and Chemical Analysis Laboratory, Kopanos, Naousa, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Dec 1;694:133565. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.371. Epub 2019 Jul 30.
Detection and quantification of Pharmaceutical and Personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewaters and aqueous samples is crucial in terms of environmental monitoring and risk assessment for these emerging contaminants in the environment. The majority of the studies on PPCPs in wastewaters involve analysis only of representative compounds for each class, while few studies reported for the analysis of several compounds from multiple classes of PPCPs in samples. In this light, the aim of this work was to develop a multiresidue analytical protocol based on solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometer-(LC-MS/MS) for simultaneous determination of 138 substances including 37 different classes of PPCPs that can be used for monitoring in wastewater. Hence, an extensive monitoring survey of PPCPs in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in three cities of North (Thessaloniki) and Central (Larisa, Volos) Greece region has been conducted. In addition, the occurrence of the target compounds in raw waters of effluents from two medium-size hospitals located in the Larisa Region was investigated. Analgesics-anti-inflammatories (paracetamol, diclofenac, ibuprofen, salicylic acid), diuretic (furosemide), antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, clarithromycin, azithromycin), anti-hypertensives (valsartan, irbesartan, telmisartan), psychiatric drugs (carbamazepine, venlafaxine, citalopram), stimulant (caffeine) and beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol) were among the most frequently detected compounds. The removal rates varied between the different therapeutic groups, as well within each therapeutic group, important variations in removal were observed, going from not eliminated to 100%. Mass loading distribution in the different WWTPs was also evaluated. Finally, the risk quotient approach (RQ) for single substances and the cumulative RQ for the classes of the target PPCPs was used in order to identify the potential ecotoxicological risk posed in the tree trophic levels of aquatic organisms.
检测和量化废水中和水样中的药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）对于评估这些环境中新兴污染物的环境风险至关重要。大多数关于废水中 PPCPs 的研究仅涉及对每个类别的代表性化合物进行分析，而很少有研究报告对多个 PPCPs 类别的多种化合物进行分析。有鉴于此，本工作旨在开发一种基于固相萃取（SPE）与液相色谱串联质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）的多残留分析方法，用于同时测定 138 种物质，包括 37 种不同类别的 PPCPs，可用于废水监测。因此，对希腊北部（塞萨洛尼基）和中部（拉里萨、沃洛斯）三个城市的四个污水处理厂（WWTP）中的 PPCPs 进行了广泛的监测调查。此外，还调查了位于拉里萨地区的两家中型医院废水的原水中目标化合物的存在情况。在检测到的化合物中，包括了镇痛药-消炎药（扑热息痛、双氯芬酸、布洛芬、水杨酸）、利尿剂（呋塞米）、抗生素（阿莫西林、氨苄西林、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素）、抗高血压药（缬沙坦、厄贝沙坦、替米沙坦）、精神药物（卡马西平、文拉法辛、西酞普兰）、兴奋剂（咖啡因）和β受体阻滞剂（阿替洛尔、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔）等。不同治疗组之间以及每个治疗组内的去除率均有所不同，从完全不消除到 100%不等。还评估了不同 WWTP 中的质量负荷分布。最后，采用单一物质的风险商数（RQ）和目标 PPCPs 类别的累积 RQ 方法，以确定水生生物三个营养级中存在的潜在生态毒理学风险。
