Environmental and Food Safety Research Group, Department of Medicine Preventive, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km. 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jun 15;484:53-63. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.085. Epub 2014 Mar 29.
The occurrence of 21 acidic pharmaceuticals, including illicit drugs, and personal care products (PPCPs) in waste, surface and drinking water and in sediments of the Turia River Basin (Valencia, Spain) was studied. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of these PPCPs with electrospray (ESI) in negative ionization (NI) mode. Ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase improved ionization efficiency by an average increase in peak area of 5 compared to ammonium formate or formic acid. All studied compounds were detected and their concentration was waste water>surface water>drinking water. PPCPs were in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) influents up to 7.26μgL(-1), dominated by ibuprofen, naproxen and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCOOH). WWTPs were highly effective in removing most of them, with an average removal rate of >90%. PPCPs were still detected in effluents in the 6.72-940ngL(-1) range, with the THCOOH, triclocarban, gemfibrozil and diclofenac as most prevalent. Similarly, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen and propylparaben were detected quite frequently from the low ngL(-1) range to 7μgL(-1) in the surface waters of Turia River. Ibuprofen, methylparaben, salicylic acid and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were at concentrations up to 0.85ngg(-1) d.w. in sediments. The discharge of WWTP as well as of non-treated waters to this river is a likely explanation for the significant amount of PPCPs detected in surface waters and sediments. Mineral and tap waters also presented significant amounts (approx. 100ngL(-1)) of ibuprofen, naproxen, propylparaben and butylparaben. The occurrence at trace levels of several PPCPs in drinking water raises concerns about possible implications for human health.
本研究考察了 21 种酸性药物（包括非法药物和个人护理产品[PPCPs]）在废水、地表水和饮用水以及图里亚河流域（西班牙巴伦西亚）沉积物中的存在情况。建立了一种采用电喷雾（ESI）负离子模式（NI）的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）方法来测定这些 PPCPs。流动相中添加氟化铵可使峰面积平均增加 5，从而提高离子化效率，优于添加甲酸铵或甲酸。所有研究的化合物均被检测到，其浓度为废水>地表水>饮用水。PPCPs 在废水处理厂（WWTP）进水口的浓度高达 7.26μg/L，主要为布洛芬、萘普生和 11-去甲-9-羧基-Δ9-四氢大麻酚（THCOOH）。WWTP 对这些化合物的去除率高达 90%以上，非常有效。PPCPs 仍在出水中被检测到，浓度范围为 6.72-940ng/L，THCOOH、三氯生、吉非罗齐和双氯芬酸最为常见。同样，在图里亚河的地表水中，从低 ng/L 到 7μg/L 的范围内，也经常检测到双氯芬酸、吉非罗齐、布洛芬、萘普生和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯。布洛芬、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、水杨酸和四氢大麻酚（THC）在沉积物中的浓度高达 0.85ng/g（干重）。WWTP 以及未经处理的水排入这条河流，这可能是导致地表水中和沉积物中检测到大量 PPCPs 的原因。矿泉水和自来水也含有大量的布洛芬、萘普生、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丁酯（约 100ng/L）。几种 PPCPs 在饮用水中痕量存在引起了对其可能对人类健康产生影响的担忧。
