Department of Clinical Psychology.
Psychol Trauma. 2020 Mar;12(3):227-234. doi: 10.1037/tra0000505. Epub 2019 Aug 15.
Shootings in academic settings are associated with the development of both posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms (Bardeen, Kumpula, & Orcutt, 2013). Traumatic events can challenge an individual's cognitive framework and contribute to the development of PTS and PTG. Intrusive rumination is thought to increase vulnerability to PTS symptoms, whereas deliberate rumination is likely to be associated with PTG. Literature that serves to distinguish the contextual and intraindividual predictors differentially leading to the development of PTS and PTG symptoms is limited. This cross-sectional study examined the relations between trauma proximity and posttraumatic outcomes as mediated by deliberate and intrusive ruminative responses to a university shooting. We hypothesize that (a) physical and emotional proximity would exert distinct effects on posttraumatic outcomes, (b) the effects of proximity on PTS would be mediated by intrusive rumination, and (c) the effects of proximity on PTG would be mediated by deliberate rumination.
Three hundred and eighty-five students, faculty, and staff who were exposed to a university campus shooting completed a series of questionnaires 4 months after the event.
Emotional proximity was associated with PTS and PTG, whereas physical proximity was only associated with PTS. Of our four hypothesized mediation relationships, intrusive rumination mediated the relationship between physical proximity and PTS, and deliberate rumination mediated the relationship between emotional proximity and PTG.
These results suggest that physical and emotional proximity to a traumatic event uniquely contribute to the development of posttraumatic outcomes and that intrusive rumination promotes maladaptive outcomes, whereas deliberate rumination may promote adaptive outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
学术环境中的枪击事件与创伤后成长（PTG）和创伤后应激（PTS）症状的发展有关（Bardeen、Kumpula 和 Orcutt，2013）。创伤事件可能会挑战个人的认知框架，并导致 PTS 和 PTG 的发展。侵入性反刍被认为会增加 PTS 症状的易感性，而故意反刍则可能与 PTG 相关。用于区分导致 PTS 和 PTG 症状发展的上下文和个体内预测因素的文献有限。这项横断面研究考察了创伤接近度与创伤后结果之间的关系，这些结果是通过对大学枪击事件的有意识和侵入性反刍反应来介导的。我们假设：（a）身体和情感接近度会对创伤后结果产生不同的影响，（b）接近度对 PTS 的影响将通过侵入性反刍来介导，（c）接近度对 PTG 的影响将通过故意反刍来介导。
385 名学生、教职员工和工作人员在经历了一场大学校园枪击事件 4 个月后，完成了一系列问卷。
情感接近度与 PTS 和 PTG 相关，而身体接近度仅与 PTS 相关。在我们假设的四种中介关系中，侵入性反刍介导了身体接近度与 PTS 之间的关系，而故意反刍则介导了情感接近度与 PTG 之间的关系。
这些结果表明，创伤事件的身体和情感接近度独特地促成了创伤后结果的发展，侵入性反刍促进了适应不良的结果，而故意反刍则可能促进了适应性结果。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
