School of Psychological Sciences.
Department of Psychology, Lawrence University.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2020 Aug;119(2):317-343. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000209. Epub 2019 Aug 15.
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in on Sep 5 2019 (see record 2019-53417-001). In the article, the first sentence was not set as an epigraph on the first page of the article due to a printer error. All versions of this article have been corrected.] We proposed that the Prescriptive Beauty Norm (PBN), the injunctive demand for women to intensively pursue beauty, reflects motives to maintain gender hierarchy and translates into employment discrimination. In Studies 1a and 1b, the PBN (distinct from other "beauty myth" [Wolf, 1990] components; namely, bodily and grooming standards, and attainability beliefs) uniquely correlated with hierarchy-supporting values and ideologies. In Study 2, experimentally threatening (vs. affirming) gender hierarchy increased PBN endorsement among sexist (but not nonsexist) participants, an effect mediated by power values. In Studies 3 and 4, participants who scored high (vs. low) in sexism (Study 3) and social dominance orientation (Study 4) enforced higher appearance requirements for women in powerful (vs. entry-level), masculine professions. This "beauty tax" targeted women more than men (Study 3) and was mediated by PBN endorsement (Study 4). Illustrating real-life implications, in an organizational setting (Study 5), sexism predicted penalizing "insufficiently groomed" female candidates more for high-power (vs. low-power) jobs. Finally, supporting the hypothesis that the PBN represents a contemporary, subtle replacement for traditional hierarchy-maintaining ideologies that have lost their influence in modern secular society, Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) correlated with PBN endorsement among secular more than among religious respondents (Study 6), whose "ideological arsenal" contains more straightforward means to police women. We discuss practical implications for gender equality, as well as theoretical implications for reconciling evolutionary and feminist perspectives on beauty norms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
[勘误通知：本文的勘误已于 2019 年 9 月 5 日在网上报道（参见记录 2019-53417-001）。在文章中，由于打印机错误，第一句话没有作为文章第一页的引语。本文的所有版本都已更正。]我们提出，规范性美丽规范（PBN），即要求女性积极追求美丽的强制性要求，反映了维持性别等级制度的动机，并转化为就业歧视。在研究 1a 和 1b 中，PBN（与其他“美丽神话”[Wolf，1990]成分不同；即身体和修饰标准以及可达性信念）与支持等级制度的价值观和意识形态独特相关。在研究 2 中，实验性地威胁（而非肯定）性别等级制度会增加性别歧视（但不是非性别歧视）参与者对 PBN 的认可，这种影响是通过权力价值观介导的。在研究 3 和 4 中，在性别歧视（研究 3）和社会支配倾向（研究 4）中得分较高的参与者对有权力（相对于入门级）、男性化的职业中的女性施加更高的外貌要求。这种“美丽税”针对的女性多于男性（研究 3），并且通过 PBN 的认可来介导（研究 4）。在组织环境中（研究 5），性别歧视预测对“修饰不足”的女性候选人进行更严厉的惩罚，这说明了现实生活中的影响，对于高权力（相对于低权力）工作。最后，支持 PBN 代表失去在现代世俗社会中的影响力的传统维持等级制度的意识形态的当代、微妙替代品的假设，社会支配倾向（SDO）与世俗参与者（研究 6）而非宗教参与者的 PBN 认可相关，其“意识形态武器库”包含更直接的手段来监管女性。我们讨论了性别平等的实际影响，以及调和关于美丽规范的进化和女权主义观点的理论影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
