Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Jan 30;247:112152. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112152. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón (Tropaeolaceae). Sim (commonly called Mashua) is an indigenous plant that has medicinal values for various ethnic groups of the regions of the Andes mountain range of South America, which use it for the treatment of diseases venereal, lung and skin; for the healing of internal and external wounds; and as an analgesic for kidney and bladder pain.
We critically summarised the current evidence on the botanic characterisation and distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, pharmacological activities, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and toxicology of T. tuberosum.
The relevant information on T. tuberosum was gathered from worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Google scholar, Elsevier, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley Online, Mendeley, Scielo and Dialnet electronic databases). Information was also obtained from the literature and books as well as PhD and MSc dissertations. Plant names were validated by 'The Plant List' (www.theplantlist.org).
T. tuberosum has diverse uses in local and popular medicine, specifically for relieving pain and infections in humans. Regarding its biological activities, polar extracts (aqueous, hydroalcoholic) and isolated compounds from the tubers have exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. Quantitative analysis (e.g., NMR, HPLC, GC-MS) indicated the presence of a set of secondary metabolites, including hydroxybenzoic acids, tannins, flavanols, anthocyanins, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, phytosterols, fatty acids and alkamides in the tubers of T. tuberosum. Likewise, glucosinolates have been identified in the seeds and isothiocyanates have been detected in leaves, flowers and seeds.
T. tuberosum has been tested for various biological activities and the extracts (tubers in particular) demonstrated a promising potential as an antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and inhibitors of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A lack of alignment between the ethno-medicinal uses and existing biological screenings was observed, indicating the need to explore its potential for the treatment against respiratory affections, urinary affections and blood diseases. Likewise, it is necessary to analyse deeply the relationship that exists between the different tuber colours of T. tuberosum and its use for the treatment of certain diseases. Validation of clinical studies of the antibacterial, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic activities and as inhibitors of benign prostatic hyperplasia is required. Moreover, studies on the toxicity, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics, in addition to clinical trials, are indispensable for assessing the safety and efficacy of the active metabolites or extracts obtained from T. tuberosum. Other areas that need investigation are the development of future applications based on their active metabolites, such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease). Finally, the work purposes to motivate other research groups to carry out a series of scientific studies that can fill the gaps that exist with respect to Mashua properties, and thus be able to change the focus of T. tuberosum (Mashua) that currently has in the consumer society.
马苏亚（Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón）（Tropaeolaceae 科）。马苏亚（Sim）是一种原产于南美洲安第斯山脉地区的植物，被当地的各种族群用于治疗性病、肺病和皮肤病；用于治疗内外伤口的愈合；以及作为肾脏和膀胱疼痛的镇痛药。
本文批判性地总结了马苏亚的植物特征和分布、民族药理学、次生代谢产物、药理活性、定性和定量分析以及毒理学方面的现有证据。
通过电子搜索（Google Scholar、Elsevier、SciFinder、ScienceDirect、PubMed、SpringerLink、Web of Science、Scopus、Wiley Online、Mendeley、Scielo 和 Dialnet 电子数据库）从全球公认的科学数据库中收集了有关马苏亚的相关信息。还从文献和书籍以及博士和硕士论文中获取了信息。植物名称通过“The Plant List”（www.theplantlist.org）进行了验证。
马苏亚在当地和民间医学中有多种用途，特别是用于缓解人类的疼痛和感染。关于其生物活性，来自块茎的极性提取物（水、水醇）和分离化合物已表现出广泛的体外和体内药理作用，包括抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎活性。定量分析（例如 NMR、HPLC、GC-MS）表明，马苏亚块茎中存在一组次生代谢产物，包括羟基苯甲酸、单宁、黄烷醇、花青素、硫代葡萄糖苷、异硫氰酸盐、植物甾醇、脂肪酸和丙烯酰胺。同样，在种子中鉴定出硫代葡萄糖苷，在叶子、花朵和种子中检测到异硫氰酸盐。
马苏亚已被测试用于各种生物活性，提取物（特别是块茎）显示出作为抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎和良性前列腺增生抑制剂的有前途的潜力。观察到民族医学用途和现有生物学筛选之间缺乏一致性，表明需要探索其在治疗呼吸道疾病、泌尿系统疾病和血液疾病方面的潜力。同样，需要深入分析马苏亚不同块茎颜色与其用于治疗某些疾病之间的关系。需要对其抗菌、抗氧化/抗炎、抗生育活性和作为良性前列腺增生抑制剂的临床研究进行验证。此外，为了评估从马苏亚中获得的活性代谢物或提取物的安全性和有效性，还需要进行毒性、生物利用度和药代动力学研究以及临床试验。需要研究的其他领域是基于其活性代谢物开发未来应用，例如神经退行性疾病（阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病）。最后，这项工作旨在激励其他研究小组进行一系列科学研究，以填补马苏亚特性方面存在的空白，从而能够改变马苏亚（Mashua）在消费社会中的关注点。
