Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Sorocaba, Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Ambiental, Av. Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação e Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Biomarcadores em Animais, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Oct;253:1009-1020. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.037. Epub 2019 Jul 18.
The environment receives about 2.7 kg.ha annually of pesticides, used in crop production. Pesticides may have a negative impact on environmental biodiversity and potentially induce physiological effects on non-target species. Advances in technology and nanocarrier systems for agrochemicals led to new alternatives to minimize these impacts, such as nanopesticides, considered more efficient, safe and sustainable. However, it is important to evaluate the risk potential, action and toxicity of nanopesticides in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This study aims to evaluate genotoxic and hematological biomarkers in bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) submitted to acute exposure (48 h) to pyrethrum extract (PYR) and solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with PYR. Results showed increased number of leukocytes during acute exposure, specifically eosinophils in nanoparticle-exposed groups, and basophil in PYR-exposed group. Hematological analysis showed that PYR encapsulated in nanoparticles significantly increased the erythrocyte number compared to the other exposed groups. Data from the comet assay indicated an increase in frequency of the classes that correspond to more severe DNA damages in exposed groups, being that the PYR-exposed group showed a high frequency of class-4 DNA damage. Moreover, erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities were triggered by short-time exposure in all treatments, which showed effects significantly higher than the control group. These results showed genotoxic responses in tadpoles, which could trigger cell death pathways. Concluding, these analyses are important for applications in assessment of contaminated aquatic environments and their biomonitoring, which will evaluate the potential toxicity of xenobiotics, for example, the nanoparticles and pyrethrum extract in frog species. However, further studies are needed to better understand the effects of nanopesticides and botanical insecticides on non-target organisms, in order to contribute to regulatory aspects of future uses for these systems.
环境每年接收约 2.7 公斤。公顷用于作物生产的农药。农药可能对环境生物多样性产生负面影响，并可能对非目标物种产生生理影响。农业化学物质的技术和纳米载体系统的进步为最小化这些影响提供了新的选择，例如纳米农药，被认为更有效、安全和可持续。然而，评估纳米农药在水生和陆地生物中的潜在风险、作用和毒性非常重要。本研究旨在评估急性暴露（48 小时）至除虫菊酯提取物（PYR）和负载 PYR 的固体脂质纳米颗粒的牛蛙蝌蚪（Lithobates catesbeianus）中的遗传毒性和血液学生物标志物。结果表明，急性暴露期间白细胞数量增加，特别是纳米颗粒暴露组中的嗜酸性粒细胞和 PYR 暴露组中的嗜碱性粒细胞。血液学分析表明，与其他暴露组相比，纳米颗粒包封的 PYR 显著增加了红细胞数量。彗星试验数据表明，暴露组中对应于更严重 DNA 损伤的类别的频率增加，其中 PYR 暴露组显示出高频率的 4 类 DNA 损伤。此外，所有处理均在短时间暴露后引发红细胞核异常，其效果明显高于对照组。这些结果表明，暴露于农药后，蝌蚪会产生遗传毒性反应，从而引发细胞死亡途径。总之，这些分析对于评估受污染的水生环境及其生物监测非常重要，这将评估外来生物，例如纳米颗粒和除虫菊酯提取物对青蛙物种的潜在毒性。然而，需要进一步研究以更好地了解纳米农药和植物性杀虫剂对非目标生物的影响，以便为这些系统的未来用途的监管方面做出贡献。
