Kapeleka Jones Ackson, Mwema Mwema Felix
Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority (TPHPA), P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.
School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
Heliyon. 2024 Oct 10;10(20):e39225. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39225. eCollection 2024 Oct 30.
Due to the intensive and widespread use of agrochemicals, especially pesticides, agriculture in the majority of the world is in dire need of practical improvements to fulfil the rising need for food while at the same time decreasing its associated health and environmental impact. Traditional methods, such as integrated pest control, have been used extensively and globally for decades to lessen the effects of intensive and extensive pesticide use, but they are insufficient. Safer pesticide alternatives, including biopesticides, to replace conventional pesticides have also been developed, but these efforts have not yet reached the necessary degree of operationalization and commercialization. In light of the challenges and trade-offs involved in using conventional pesticides, nanotechnology has sped up the development of nanopesticides, that are poisonous solely to specific pests and pathogens. The effectiveness of nano-agrochemicals has often demonstrated a median gain compared to traditional products of 20-30 %. The use of nanopesticides may enable more precise pest targeting, reduced pesticide dosage and decreased spray frequencies, allowing for a 10-fold reduction in pesticides dosage without sacrificing effectiveness. However, there are environmental concerns and potential for human exposure associated with the use of nanopesticides. This state-of-the-art review examines the most recent advances in science and the application of nanotechnology as a unique tool to address the serious negative effects of conventional pesticides. In addition to the health and environmental implications, policy and regulatory framework, and field application of nanopesticides in smallholder production systems are all part of the scientific review that is presented in this review.
由于农用化学品，尤其是农药的大量广泛使用，世界上大多数地区的农业迫切需要切实改进，以满足日益增长的粮食需求，同时减少其对健康和环境的相关影响。传统方法，如综合虫害防治，在全球范围内已广泛使用数十年，以减轻大量和广泛使用农药的影响，但这些方法并不够。包括生物农药在内的更安全的农药替代品也已开发出来，以取代传统农药，但这些努力尚未达到必要的可操作性和商业化程度。鉴于使用传统农药所涉及的挑战和权衡，纳米技术加速了纳米农药的开发，纳米农药仅对特定害虫和病原体有毒。与传统产品相比，纳米农用化学品的有效性通常显示出中值增益为20%-30%。使用纳米农药可以实现更精确的害虫靶向、减少农药用量和降低喷雾频率，在不牺牲有效性的情况下使农药用量减少10倍。然而，纳米农药的使用存在环境问题和人类接触风险。这篇综述探讨了科学领域的最新进展以及纳米技术作为解决传统农药严重负面影响的独特工具的应用。除了健康和环境影响、政策和监管框架外，纳米农药在小农户生产系统中的田间应用也是本综述所呈现的科学综述的一部分。
