Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
Biomolecules. 2019 Aug 20;9(8):388. doi: 10.3390/biom9080388.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that features progressive, disabling motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Nevertheless, some non-motor symptoms, including depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, and olfactive impairment, are even earlier features of PD. At later stages, apathy, impulse control disorder, neuropsychiatric disturbances, and cognitive impairment can present, and they often become a heavy burden for both patients and caregivers. Indeed, PD increasingly compromises activities of daily life, even though a high variability in clinical presentation can be observed among people affected. Nowadays, symptomatic drugs and non-pharmaceutical treatments represent the best therapeutic options to improve quality of life in PD patients. The aim of the present review is to provide a practical, stage-based guide to pharmacological management of both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, warning about drug side effects, contraindications, as well as dosage and methods of administration, are highlighted here, to help the physician in yielding the best therapeutic strategies for each symptom and condition in patients with PD.
帕金森病（PD）是一种神经退行性疾病，其特征为进行性、致残性运动症状，如运动迟缓、僵直和静止性震颤。然而，一些非运动症状，包括抑郁、快动眼睡眠行为障碍和嗅觉障碍，甚至是 PD 的早期特征。在后期，冷漠、冲动控制障碍、神经精神障碍和认知障碍可能出现，且它们往往会成为患者和照护者的沉重负担。事实上，PD 会逐渐影响日常生活活动，尽管受影响人群的临床表现存在高度变异性。如今，对症药物和非药物治疗是改善 PD 患者生活质量的最佳治疗选择。本综述的目的是提供一种实用的、基于阶段的 PD 运动和非运动症状药物治疗管理指南。此外，这里还强调了药物副作用、禁忌症以及剂量和给药方法，以帮助医生为 PD 患者的每个症状和病情制定最佳治疗策略。
