Lack of Resistance in Field Populations After 36 Years of subsp. Applications in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany.

subsp. () has been widely and solely used against floodwater mosquitoes, mostly , for 36 years in the Upper Rhine Valley by the German Mosquito Control Association. During this period, almost 5,000 tons of formulations were applied to an area of approximately 400,000 ha. To investigate a possible resistance development after such a long-term and widespread application of , the susceptibility of larvae to in 3 untreated (Lake Constance) and 6 treated areas on both sides of the Rhine within the Upper Rhine Valley was assessed by bioassays following World Health Organization guidelines. Comparing log-probit analyses, it was shown that neither the median lethal concentration (LC values) nor slopes of the probit lines of bioassays of the larvae deriving from treated and untreated areas showed significant differences. These results have been confirmed by resistance ratios, which varied from 0.80 to 1.12 in all tests. The results provided the evidence that no restistance in the target species has developed in the areas of the Upper Rhine Valley, despite the large-scale use of for 36 years.