Depicting the Non-Covalent Interaction of Whey Proteins with Galangin or Genistein Using the Multi-Spectroscopic Techniques and Molecular Docking.

The non-covalent interactions between a commercial whey protein isolate (WPI) and two bioactive polyphenols galangin and genistein were studied at pH 6.8 via the multi-spectroscopic assays and molecular docking. When forming these WPI-polyphenol complexes, whey proteins had changed secondary structures while hydrophobic interaction was the major driving force. Detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate destroyed the hydrophobic interaction and thus decreased apparent binding constants of the WPI-polyphenol interactions. Urea led to hydrogen-bonds breakage and protein unfolding, and therefore increased apparent binding constants. Based on the measured apparent thermodynamic parameters like ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, and donor-acceptor distance, galangin with more planar stereochemical structure and random B-ring rotation showed higher affinity for WPI than genistein with location isomerism and twisted stereochemical structure. The molecular docking results disclosed that β-lactoglobulin of higher average hydrophobicity had better affinity for the two polyphenols than α-lactalbumin of lower average hydrophobicity while β-lactoglobulin possessed very similar binding sites to the two polyphenols. It is concluded that polyphenols might have different non-covalent interactions with food proteins, depending on the crucial polyphenol structures and protein hydrophobicity.