Pore Scale Visualization of Drainage in 3D Porous Media by Confocal Microscopy.

We visualize the dynamics of immiscible displacement of a high viscosity wetting phase by a low viscosity non-wetting phase in a three-dimensional (3D) glass bead packing using confocal microscopy. Both phases were doped with two different fluorescent dyes, which enabled visualization of both phases simultaneously and quantification of the phase volumes without the need of image subtraction operations. The transient results show details of the displacement process and how pores are invaded by the non-wetting displacing phase. The static images at the end of the displacement process reveal how the trapped ganglia volume and morphology change with capillary number. The wetting phase is trapped as pendular rings spanning one to multiple pore necks. Details of the pore scale flow of oil wet media revealed with the experimental methods presented here can lead to better fundamental understanding of the physical processes and optimized enhanced oil recovery methods, CO sequestration and aquifer remediation.