Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
Biol Sex Differ. 2019 Aug 28;10(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s13293-019-0257-3.
Skeletal muscle health is a strong predictor of overall health and longevity. Pathologies affecting skeletal muscle such as cancer cachexia, intensive care unit treatment, muscular dystrophies, and others are associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Recent research has begun to determine that these muscular pathologies appear to present and develop differently between males and females. However, to our knowledge, there has yet to be a comprehensive review on musculoskeletal differences between males and females and how these differences may contribute to sex differences in muscle pathologies. Herein, we present a review of the current literature on muscle phenotype and physiology between males and females and how these differences may contribute to differential responses to atrophic stimuli. In general, females appear to be more susceptible to disuse induced muscle wasting, yet protected from inflammation induced (such as cancer cachexia) muscle wasting compared to males. These differences may be due in part to differences in muscle protein turnover, satellite cell content and proliferation, hormonal interactions, and mitochondrial differences between males and females. However, more works specifically examining muscle pathologies in females are necessary to more fully understand the inherent sex-based differences in muscle pathologies between the sexes and how they may correspond to different clinical treatments.
骨骼肌健康是整体健康和长寿的强有力预测指标。影响骨骼肌的疾病，如癌症恶病质、重症监护治疗、肌肉营养不良症等，与生活质量下降和死亡率增加有关。最近的研究开始确定，这些肌肉疾病在男性和女性之间似乎表现和发展方式不同。然而，据我们所知，目前还没有关于男性和女性骨骼肌差异的综合综述，以及这些差异如何导致肌肉疾病的性别差异。在此，我们回顾了男性和女性之间肌肉表型和生理学的现有文献，以及这些差异如何导致对萎缩性刺激的不同反应。一般来说，女性似乎更容易受到废用性肌肉萎缩的影响，但与男性相比，女性受到炎症诱导的肌肉萎缩（如癌症恶病质）的保护。这些差异可能部分归因于肌肉蛋白周转率、卫星细胞含量和增殖、激素相互作用以及男性和女性之间的线粒体差异。然而，需要更多专门研究女性肌肉病理的工作，以更全面地了解男女之间肌肉病理的内在性别差异，以及它们如何与不同的临床治疗相对应。
