Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2022 Jan 1;322(1):C24-C37. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2021. Epub 2021 Nov 17.
The importance of defining sex differences across various biological and physiological mechanisms is more pervasive now than it has been over the past 15-20 years. As the muscle biology field pushes to identify small molecules and interventions to prevent, attenuate, or even reverse muscle wasting, we must consider the effect of sex as a biological variable. It should not be assumed that a therapeutic will affect males and females with equal efficacy or equivalent target affinities under conditions where muscle wasting is observed. With that said, it is not surprising to find that we have an unclear or even a poor understanding of the effects of sex or sex hormones on muscle wasting conditions. Although recent investigations are beginning to establish experimental approaches that will allow investigators to assess the impact of sex-specific hormones on muscle wasting, the field still needs rigorous scientific tools that will allow the community to address critical hypotheses centered around sex hormones. The focus of this review is on female sex hormones, specifically estrogens, and the roles that these hormones and their receptors play in skeletal muscle wasting conditions. With the overall review goal of assembling the current knowledge in the area of sexual dimorphism driven by estrogens with an effort to provide insights to interested physiologists on necessary considerations when trying to assess models for potential sex differences in cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting.
定义各种生物学和生理学机制中的性别差异的重要性比过去 15-20 年更为普遍。随着肌肉生物学领域努力确定预防、减弱甚至逆转肌肉减少的小分子和干预措施，我们必须考虑性别作为生物学变量的影响。在观察到肌肉减少的情况下，不应假设一种治疗方法会以同等的疗效或同等的靶亲和力影响男性和女性。话虽如此，但令人惊讶的是，我们对性别或性激素对肌肉减少状况的影响仍缺乏清晰甚至是较差的了解。尽管最近的研究开始建立实验方法，使研究人员能够评估特定于性别的激素对肌肉减少的影响，但该领域仍需要严格的科学工具，使社区能够解决围绕性激素的关键假设。本综述的重点是女性性激素，特别是雌激素，以及这些激素及其受体在骨骼肌肉减少症中的作用。总的综述目标是汇集由雌激素驱动的性二态性的现有知识，努力为有兴趣的生理学家提供在评估肌肉减少的细胞和分子机制中潜在性别差异的模型时需要考虑的因素的见解。
