School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 15;691:1190-1211. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.224. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
Recently, the increasing concentration and persistent appearance of antibiotics traces in the water streams are considered an issue of high concern. In this context, an array of antibiotics has been categorized as pollutants of emerging concern due to their complex and highly stable bioactivity, indiscriminate usage with ultimate release into water bodies, and notable persistence in environmental matrices. Moreover, antibiotics traces containing household sewage/drain waste and pharmaceutical wastewater effluents contain a range of bioactive/toxic organic compounds, inorganic salts, pharmaceutically-active ingredients, or a mixture of all, which possesses negative influences ranging from ecological pollution to damage biodiversity. Moreover, their uncontrolled and undesirable bioaccumulation also poses a potential threat to target and non-target organisms in the environment. Aiming to tackle this issue effectively, various detection, quantification, degradation, and redefining "removal" processes have been proposed and investigated based on physical, chemical, and biological strategies. Though both useful and side effects of antibiotics on humans and animals are usually investigated thoroughly following safety and toxicity measures, however, their direct or indirect environmental impacts are not well reviewed yet. Owing to the considerable research gap, the environmental perfectives of antibiotics traces and their effects on target and non-target populations have now become the topic of research interest. Based on literature evidence, over the past several years, numerous individual studies have been performed and published covering various aspects of antibiotics. However, a comprehensive compilation on enzyme-based degradation of antibiotics is still lacking and requires careful consideration. Hence, this review summarizes up-to-date literature on enzymes as biocatalytic systems, explicitly, free as well as immobilized forms and their effective exploitation for the degradation of various antibiotics traces and other pharmaceutically-active compounds present in the water bodies. It is further envisioned that the enzyme-based strategies, for antibiotics degradation or removal, discussed herein, will help readers for a better understanding of antibiotics persistence in the environment along with the associated risks and removal measures. In summary, the current research thrust presented in this review will additionally evoke researcher to engineer robust and sustainable processes to effectively remediate antibiotics-contaminated environmental matrices.
最近，抗生素痕量在水流中不断增加且持续存在，这被认为是一个高度关注的问题。在这种情况下，由于其复杂且高度稳定的生物活性、最终释放到水体中的无差别使用以及在环境基质中的显著持久性，许多抗生素已被归类为新兴关注污染物。此外，含有家庭污水/排水废物和制药废水废水的抗生素痕量含有一系列具有生物活性/毒性的有机化合物、无机盐、药物活性成分或它们的混合物，这些物质会对生态污染和生物多样性破坏产生负面影响。此外，它们的不受控制和不良的生物积累也对环境中的目标和非目标生物构成潜在威胁。为了有效解决这个问题，已经根据物理、化学和生物策略提出并研究了各种检测、定量、降解和重新定义“去除”过程。虽然抗生素对人类和动物的有益和副作用通常在安全性和毒性措施之后进行了彻底的调查，但是它们对环境的直接或间接影响尚未得到很好的审查。由于研究差距较大，抗生素痕量及其对目标和非目标群体的环境影响已成为研究的热点。根据文献证据，在过去几年中，已经进行了许多单独的研究，并发表了涵盖抗生素各个方面的研究。然而，仍然缺乏基于酶的抗生素降解的综合汇编，需要仔细考虑。因此，本综述总结了最新的关于酶作为生物催化系统的文献，特别是游离和固定化形式及其在降解各种抗生素痕量和水体中存在的其他药物活性化合物方面的有效利用。进一步设想，本文讨论的基于酶的抗生素降解或去除策略将有助于读者更好地理解抗生素在环境中的持久性以及相关风险和去除措施。总之，本综述中提出的当前研究重点将进一步激发研究人员设计强大且可持续的过程，以有效修复受抗生素污染的环境基质。
