School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Dec 10;695:133896. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133896. Epub 2019 Aug 13.
Inevitable use of pesticides due to modern agricultural practices and the associated worldwide environmental pollution has called the special attention of the researchers to overcome the persistence, recalcitrance, and multi-faceted toxicity of pesticides-based emerging contaminants. Some restricted use pesticides (RUPs) are highly toxic and carcinogenic chemicals that can be easily accumulated into non-target organisms, including humans, aquatic invertebrates, algae, and microbes. With regard to physicochemical strategies, enzymes-mediated bioremediation is a compelling and meaningful strategy for biodegradation and biotransformation of pesticides into harmless chemical species. Oxidoreductases hydrolases and transferases are among the most representative classes of enzymes pursued and engineered for this purpose. Ligninolytic enzymes, particularly laccases, are of exceptional interest due to high efficiency, specificity, eco-sustainability, and wide-ranging substrates. However, the use of native enzymes is often hindered in industrial processes for the effective removal of refractory compounds by their high cost and susceptibility. Many of these drawbacks can be addressed by enzyme immobilization on some suitable support materials. Increase in stability, reusability, reduction of product inhibition, enhanced activity, specificity, and easier product separation are amid the desirable characteristics of immobilization to construct biocatalysts for continuous systems. This review summarizes recent and up-to-date literature on the use of enzymes, explicitly, free as well as immobilized laccases in the degradation of different pesticides. In the first part, source and occurrence of pesticides in the environment, their types, and associated detrimental effects on the ecosystem/human health are comprehensively described. Afterward, we highlighted the use of different enzymes with a particular emphasis on laccase for the degradation and detoxification of an array of pesticides. Finally, the review is closed with concluding remarks, and possible future direction is proposed in this very important research arena. In conclusion, it is envisioned that effective deployment of laccase-assisted biocatalytic systems for the degradation or removal of diverse pesticides and related contaminants will help to better understand the persistence and removal fate of these hazardous pollutants. Moreover, the current research thrust presented in this review will additionally evoke researcher to engineer robust and sustainable processes to remediate pesticides-contaminated environmental matrices effectively.
由于现代农业实践的必然需要以及由此产生的全球环境污染，研究人员特别关注克服基于农药的新兴污染物的持久性、抗降解性和多方面毒性。一些限制使用的农药（RUPs）是高度有毒和致癌的化学物质，很容易在非目标生物体内积累，包括人类、水生无脊椎动物、藻类和微生物。就物理化学策略而言，酶介导的生物修复是一种有吸引力且有意义的策略，可用于将农药生物降解和转化为无害化学物质。氧化还原酶、水解酶和转移酶是为此目的而追求和设计的最具代表性的酶类。木质素分解酶，特别是漆酶，由于其高效性、特异性、生态可持续性和广泛的底物，具有特殊的意义。然而，由于其高成本和易感性，天然酶在工业过程中用于有效去除难处理化合物时常常受到阻碍。通过酶固定化在一些合适的支撑材料上，可以解决许多这些缺点。提高稳定性、可重复使用性、降低产物抑制、增强活性、特异性和更容易的产物分离是固定化构建用于连续系统的生物催化剂的理想特性。本文综述了近年来关于酶的应用的最新文献，特别是游离和固定化漆酶在不同农药降解中的应用。在第一部分中，全面描述了环境中农药的来源和存在、它们的类型以及对生态系统/人类健康的相关不利影响。之后，我们重点介绍了不同酶的使用，特别是漆酶在一系列农药的降解和解毒中的应用。最后，在这一非常重要的研究领域提出了结论和可能的未来方向。总之，可以预见的是，有效的漆酶辅助生物催化系统的部署，将有助于更好地了解这些危险污染物的持久性和去除命运。此外，本综述中提出的当前研究重点还将进一步激发研究人员设计稳健和可持续的工艺，以有效修复受农药污染的环境基质。
