Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; email:
Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Division for Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, 1431 Ås, Norway.
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2019 Aug 25;57:505-529. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-095959.
As primary producers, plants are under constant pressure to defend themselves against potentially deadly pathogens and herbivores. In this review, we describe short- and long-term strategies that enable plants to cope with these stresses. Apart from internal immunological strategies that involve physiological and (epi)genetic modifications at the cellular level, plants also employ external strategies that rely on recruitment of beneficial organisms. We discuss these strategies along a gradient of increasing timescales, ranging from rapid immune responses that are initiated within seconds to (epi)genetic adaptations that occur over multiple plant generations. We cover the latest insights into the mechanistic and evolutionary underpinnings of these strategies and present explanatory models. Finally, we discuss how knowledge from short-lived model species can be translated to economically and ecologically important perennials to exploit adaptive plant strategies and mitigate future impacts of pests and diseases in an increasingly interconnected and changing world.
作为初级生产者，植物一直面临着防御潜在致命病原体和草食动物侵害的压力。在这篇综述中，我们描述了使植物能够应对这些压力的短期和长期策略。除了涉及细胞水平生理和（表观）遗传修饰的内部免疫策略外，植物还采用依赖有益生物招募的外部策略。我们沿着时间尺度增加的梯度讨论这些策略，范围从几秒钟内启动的快速免疫反应到跨越多个植物世代的（表观）遗传适应。我们介绍了这些策略的机制和进化基础的最新见解，并提出了解释模型。最后，我们讨论了如何将从短期模式物种中获得的知识转化为经济和生态上重要的多年生植物，以利用适应性植物策略，并在日益互联和不断变化的世界中减轻未来病虫害的影响。
