1Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, Michigan.
2Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
Neurosurg Focus. 2019 Sep 1;47(3):E14. doi: 10.3171/2019.6.FOCUS19340.
The Nazi regime held power for well over a decade in Germany and were steadfast in their anti-Semitic agenda. Among the massive cohort of immigrants to America were approximately 5056 Jewish physicians, including several highly esteemed neurologists and neuroscientists of the time. Emigrating to a new world proved difficult and provided new challenges by way of language barriers, roadblocks in medical careers, and problems integrating into an alien system of medical training and clinical practice. In this article, the authors examine the tumultuous and accomplished lives of three Jewish German and Austrian neurologists and neuroscientists during the time of the Third Reich who shaped the foundations of neuroanatomy and neuropsychology: Josef Gerstmann, Adolf Wallenberg, and Franz Josef Kallmann. The authors first examine the successful careers of these individuals in Germany and Austria prior to the Third Reich, followed by their journeys to and lives in the United States, to demonstrate the challenges an émigré physician faces for career opportunities and a chance at a new life. This account culminates in a description of these scientists' eponymous syndromes.Although their stories are a testimony to the struggles in Nazi Germany, there are intriguing and notable differences in their ages, ideologies, and religious beliefs, which highlight a spectrum of unique circumstances that impacted their success in the United States. Furthermore, in this account the authors bring to light the original syndromic descriptions: Gerstmann discovered contralateral agraphia and acalculia, right-left confusion, and finger agnosia in patients with dominant angular gyrus damage; Wallenberg described a constellation of symptoms in a patient with stenosis of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery; and Kallmann identified an association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia based on family studies. The article also highlights the unresolved confusions and international controversies about these syndromic descriptions. Still, these unique cerebral syndromes continue to fascinate neurologists and neurosurgeons across the world, from residents in training to practicing clinicians and neuroscientists alike.
纳粹政权在德国掌权超过十年,坚决推行反犹太主义议程。当时,大约有 5056 名犹太医生移民到美国,其中包括几位备受尊敬的神经科医生和神经科学家。移民到一个新世界证明是困难的,并带来了新的挑战,包括语言障碍、医学职业道路上的障碍以及融入陌生的医学培训和临床实践系统的问题。本文作者研究了第三帝国时期三位德国和奥地利的犹太神经科医生和神经科学家动荡而成功的生活,他们塑造了神经解剖学和神经心理学的基础:约瑟夫·格斯特曼、阿道夫·瓦伦贝格和弗朗茨·约瑟夫·卡曼。作者首先研究了这些人在第三帝国之前在德国和奥地利的成功职业生涯,然后研究了他们前往美国的旅程和生活,以展示移民医生在职业机会和新生活机会方面所面临的挑战。这一叙述最终描述了这些科学家的同名综合征。虽然他们的故事是纳粹德国斗争的见证,但他们在年龄、意识形态和宗教信仰方面存在着有趣而显著的差异,这突出了影响他们在美国成功的一系列独特情况。此外,在这篇文章中,作者揭示了原始的综合征描述:格斯特曼在优势角回损伤的患者中发现了对侧失写症和失算症、左右混淆和手指失认症;瓦伦贝格描述了一位后下小脑后动脉狭窄患者的一系列症状;以及卡尔曼根据家族研究发现了促性腺激素低下性性腺功能减退症和嗅觉缺失之间的关联。这篇文章还强调了这些综合征描述存在的未解决的混淆和国际争议。尽管如此,这些独特的大脑综合征仍然吸引着世界各地的神经科医生和神经外科医生,从住院医生到执业临床医生和神经科学家。