Pow Stephen, Stahnisch Frank W
a Doctoral School of History , Central European University , Budapest , Hungary.
b Departments of Community Health Sciences and History , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.
J Hist Neurosci. 2016 Jul-Sep;25(3):253-74. doi: 10.1080/0964704X.2016.1187486.
Biological psychiatry in the early twentieth century was based on interrelated disciplines, such as neurology and experimental biology. Neuropsychiatrist Franz Josef Kallmann (1897-1965) was a product of this interdisciplinary background who showed an ability to adapt to different scientific contexts, first in the field of neuromorphology in Berlin, and later in New York. Nonetheless, having innovative ideas, as Kallmann did, could be an ambiguous advantage, since they could lead to incommensurable scientific views and marginalization in existing research programs. Kallmann followed his Dr. Med. degree (1919) with training periods at the Charité Medical School in Berlin under psychiatrist Karl Bonhoeffer (1868-1948). Subsequently, he collaborated with Ernst Ruedin (1874-1952), investigating sibling inheritance of schizophrenia and becoming a protagonist of genetic research on psychiatric conditions. In 1936, Kallmann was forced to immigrate to the USA where he published The Genetics of Schizophrenia (1938), based on data he had gathered from the district pathological institutes of Berlin's public health department. Kallmann resumed his role as an international player in biological psychiatry and genetics, becoming president (1952) of the American Society of Human Genetics and Director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute in 1955. While his work was well received by geneticists, the idea of genetic differences barely took hold in American psychiatry, largely because of émigré psychoanalysts who dominated American clinical psychiatry until the 1960s and established a philosophical direction in which genetics played no significant role, being regarded as dangerous in light of Nazi medical atrocities. After all, medical scientists in Nazi Germany had been among the social protagonists of racial hygiene which, under the aegis of Nazi philosophies, replaced medical genetics as the basis for the ideals and application of eugenics.
二十世纪初的生物精神病学基于相互关联的学科，如神经学和实验生物学。神经精神病学家弗朗茨·约瑟夫·卡尔曼（1897 - 1965）就是这种跨学科背景的产物，他展现出了适应不同科学环境的能力，先是在柏林的神经形态学领域，后来在纽约。然而，像卡尔曼那样拥有创新想法可能是一把双刃剑，因为这些想法可能导致不可通约的科学观点，并在现有的研究项目中被边缘化。卡尔曼在获得医学博士学位（1919年）后，在柏林的夏里特医学院跟随精神病学家卡尔·博恩霍费尔（1868 - 1948）接受培训。随后，他与恩斯特·鲁丁（1874 - 1952）合作，研究精神分裂症的同胞遗传，并成为精神疾病基因研究的倡导者。1936年，卡尔曼被迫移民到美国，在那里他根据从柏林公共卫生部门的地区病理研究所收集的数据出版了《精神分裂症的遗传学》（1938年）。卡尔曼在生物精神病学和遗传学领域重新成为国际知名人物，1952年成为美国人类遗传学会会长，并于1955年担任纽约州精神病研究所所长。虽然他的工作受到了遗传学家的好评，但基因差异的观点在美国精神病学中几乎没有站稳脚跟，这主要是因为直到20世纪60年代，流亡的精神分析学家主导着美国临床精神病学，并确立了一种哲学方向，在这种方向中遗传学没有发挥重要作用，鉴于纳粹的医学暴行，遗传学被视为危险的。毕竟，纳粹德国的医学科学家曾是种族卫生的社会倡导者之一，在纳粹哲学的庇护下，种族卫生取代医学遗传学成为优生学理想和应用的基础。
