Department of Pharmacology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2011 Mar;383(3):217-25. doi: 10.1007/s00210-010-0560-3. Epub 2010 Sep 17.
The present article is based on the brochure Verfolgte Deutschsprachige Pharmakologen 1933 by Löffelholz and Trendelenburg (2008). This book that describes the fate of the Persecuted German-speaking Pharmacologists commemorates these victims of an inhumane ideology. Half of the persecuted pharmacologists emigrated in 1933, while the majority of the German 'non-Aryans' refrained from emigrating until 1938. The reasons for the early emigration of most of the persecuted pharmacologists were the instantaneous dismissals in 1933 of almost all 'non-Aryan' scientists employed in research institutions and the fair chance to continue scientific careers in exile. The German pharmacologists emigrated to 12 different countries; at first to neighbouring countries, later on to USA (about 40%) and Great Britain (29%). Turkey, Brazil and the Jewish research institutions in Palestine hoped that immigration of these scientists would raise their academic level towards that of the Western industrial nations. The individual life stories of the persecuted pharmacologists exposed the whole range of persecution: the humiliating dismissals, the desperate odyssey of emigration, the dramatic escape from the concentration camps, and the Holocaust. On the other hand, there were cases of brilliant scientific careers in exile (especially in Great Britain). The behaviour of the 'Aryan' colleagues in Germany also exhibited a wide range, from fanatic following of the Nazi policy, opportunism and Prussian obedience to the Nazi government on the one hand, to opposition and resistance on the other. The present study describes the fate of persecuted pharmacologists against the background of the persecution policy of the Nazis.
本文基于 Löffelholz 和 Trendelenburg（2008 年）的小册子《1933 年受迫害的德语药物学家》。这本书描述了受迫害的德国药物学家的命运，以纪念这些不人道意识形态的受害者。1933 年，一半受迫害的药物学家移民，而大多数德国“非雅利安人”直到 1938 年才拒绝移民。大多数受迫害的药物学家之所以早期移民，是因为 1933 年几乎所有在研究机构工作的“非雅利安”科学家都被立即解雇，而且他们在流亡中继续从事科学事业的机会很大。德国药物学家移民到 12 个不同的国家；起初是邻国，后来是美国（约 40%）和英国（29%）。土耳其、巴西和巴勒斯坦的犹太研究机构希望这些科学家的移民能够提高他们的学术水平，使之达到西方工业国家的水平。受迫害的药物学家的个人生活故事暴露了整个迫害范围：羞辱性的解雇、移民的绝望逃亡、从集中营的戏剧性逃脱，以及大屠杀。另一方面，也有一些人在流亡中取得了辉煌的科学事业（尤其是在英国）。德国的“雅利安”同事的行为也表现出了广泛的范围，从狂热追随纳粹政策、机会主义和普鲁士对纳粹政府的服从，到反对和抵抗。本研究描述了受迫害的药物学家在纳粹迫害政策背景下的命运。
