Gas exchange during high-frequency ventilation in the pigeon (Columba livia).

We studied the effect of high-frequency ventilation (HFV) on the gas exchange of tracheotomized pigeons. The pigeons were artificially ventilated using a piston pump, which alternately connected the pigeons' airways to a constant-flow source. Two-minute periods of HFV were interposed between long periods of normal ventilation. The effect of HFV was assessed by the recorded changes in the PO2, PCO2 and pH of arterial blood and from the changes in the composition of the gas in the interclavicular air sacs. The results showed that HFV can augment gas exchange when the tidal volume (VT) is less than the volume of the anatomical dead space (VD). However, normal arterial gas composition can only be maintained if respiratory frequency is high (greater than 20 Hz). At the normal panting frequency of pigeons (7.8 Hz), gas exchange can thus only be maintained if tidal volume is approximately 125% of the dead space. When panting the VT must be greater than the VD. This finding agrees with the results of recent work showing flush-out- or compound-panting in birds: i.e. if, during panting, VT approaches close to the VD, intermittent interruptions, by taking deeper breaths in order to ensure a supply of fresh air to the lungs, are necessary.