Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain.
Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Int J Med Inform. 2019 Nov;131:103955. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.103955. Epub 2019 Aug 20.
Social media networks have transformed the sources of information, including health information. In particular, the microblogging service Twitter has been used as a learning tool in the field of medicine as well as a tool for disease surveillance and outbreak management. As antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest concerns of public health, we aimed to review how Twitter is being used as a tool for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS).
We used the software Kampal Social® to collect, analyze and monitor tweets from the whole Twitter network to assess the activity that takes place about antibiotics. The study was carried out in three phases: data acquisition, during which we collected data over a six-month period (from 21 September 2016 to 8 February 2017) by monitoring selected users, hashtags and keywords that we knew to be related to AMS; data cleansing, which involved identifying users who were not related to the topic, thus creating a new collection process to remove those users and add newly discovered ones; and, finally, data acquisition and analysis (From 1 April 2017 to 7 March 2018), during which we collected data using the new users obtained in the cleansing phase. We qualitatively characterized the most influential users, we analysed the use of hashtags and the flow of information (the most retweeted users and the global network formed by all the users).
Using the tool Kampal Social®, and after a cleansing phase to remove irrelevant information, we worked with a dataset of 1,765,388 tweets. Studying the qualitative characterization of the top-ten influencers, we found that most of them are institutional users, but individual users, such as physicians, and an important medical journal also appeared. Regarding hashtags, '#antibiotics' was the one with the most occurrences. Hashtags follow a regular distribution over time, with some defined peaks connected to important dates and reports about antibiotics. As for the flow of information, we obtained a rather dense network of interconnections formed by all the users who had sent a message, which means that a strong relation exists between the different organizations, professionals and users in general.
Institutions, medical journals, physicians and pharmacists are key opinion leaders in the topic of antibiotics, so they must incorporate social media into their communication strategy to spread the AMS message. More evidence is needed regarding the optimal method of communication to spread information throughout the general population. The development of tools capable of collecting and querying large amounts of Twitter data helped us to assess the impact of antibiotic awareness campaigns and to gain an idea of how Twitter is being used to spread the message about AMS.
社交媒体网络改变了信息来源，包括健康信息。特别是微博服务 Twitter 已被用作医学领域的学习工具，以及疾病监测和疫情管理的工具。由于抗生素耐药性是公共卫生领域最大的关注点之一，我们旨在回顾 Twitter 如何被用作抗菌药物管理（AMS）的工具。
我们使用 Kampal Social®软件从整个 Twitter 网络中收集、分析和监测推文，以评估与抗生素相关的活动。该研究分三个阶段进行：数据采集，在此期间，我们通过监测我们已知与 AMS 相关的选定用户、标签和关键词，在六个月的时间内（从 2016 年 9 月 21 日至 2017 年 2 月 8 日）收集数据；数据清理，包括确定与主题无关的用户，从而创建一个新的收集过程，以删除这些用户并添加新发现的用户；最后，数据采集和分析（从 2017 年 4 月 1 日至 2018 年 3 月 7 日），在此期间，我们使用清理阶段获得的新用户来采集数据。我们对最有影响力的用户进行了定性描述，分析了标签的使用情况和信息流（转发次数最多的用户以及由所有用户组成的全球网络）。
使用 Kampal Social®工具，并在清理阶段去除不相关信息后，我们使用了 1765388 条推文的数据。通过对十大影响者的定性描述进行研究，我们发现他们中的大多数是机构用户，但也出现了个人用户，如医生，以及一份重要的医学期刊。关于标签，“#antibiotics”是出现次数最多的标签。标签随着时间的推移呈规则分布，有一些确定的高峰与抗生素的重要日期和报告有关。至于信息流，我们获得了一个由所有发送消息的用户组成的相当密集的网络连接，这意味着不同的组织、专业人员和一般用户之间存在着很强的关系。
机构、医学期刊、医生和药剂师是抗生素话题的关键意见领袖，因此他们必须将社交媒体纳入其沟通策略，以传播 AMS 信息。需要更多关于传播信息的最佳沟通方法的证据，以普及到整个人群。能够收集和查询大量 Twitter 数据的工具的发展帮助我们评估了抗生素意识运动的影响，并了解了 Twitter 是如何被用来传播 AMS 信息的。
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