Liu Yang
Department of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
PeerJ. 2019 Aug 23;7:e7592. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7592. eCollection 2019.
This article compares the differences in eye movements between orienteers of different skill levels on map information searches and explores the visual search patterns of orienteers during precise map reading so as to explore the cognitive characteristics of orienteers' visual search. We recruited 44 orienteers at different skill levels (experts, advanced beginners, and novices), and recorded their behavioral responses and eye movement data when reading maps of different complexities. We found that the complexity of map (complex vs. simple) affects the quality of orienteers' route planning during precise map reading. Specifically, when observing complex maps, orienteers of higher competency tend to have a better quality of route planning (i.e., a shorter route planning time, a longer gaze time, and a more concentrate distribution of gazes). Expert orienteers demonstrated obvious cognitive advantages in the ability to find key information. We also found that in the stage of route planning, expert orienteers and advanced beginners first pay attention to the checkpoint description table. The expert group extracted information faster, and their attention was more concentrated, whereas the novice group paid less attention to the checkpoint description table, and their gaze was scattered. We found that experts regarded the information in the checkpoint description table as the key to the problem and they give priority to this area in route decision making. These results advance our understanding of professional knowledge and problem solving in orienteering.
本文比较了不同技能水平的定向运动员在地图信息搜索时眼动的差异，探索了定向运动员在精确读图过程中的视觉搜索模式，以探究定向运动员视觉搜索的认知特征。我们招募了44名不同技能水平的定向运动员（专家级、高级初学者和新手），并记录了他们在阅读不同复杂程度地图时的行为反应和眼动数据。我们发现地图的复杂性（复杂与简单）会影响定向运动员在精确读图过程中的路线规划质量。具体而言，在观察复杂地图时，能力较强的定向运动员往往路线规划质量更好（即路线规划时间更短、注视时间更长、注视点分布更集中）。专家级定向运动员在寻找关键信息的能力方面表现出明显的认知优势。我们还发现，在路线规划阶段，专家级定向运动员和高级初学者首先关注检查点描述表。专家组提取信息更快，注意力更集中，而新手组对检查点描述表关注较少，目光分散。我们发现专家将检查点描述表中的信息视为问题的关键，并在路线决策中优先考虑该区域。这些结果增进了我们对定向运动中专业知识和问题解决的理解。
