Punish or Protect? How Close Relationships Shape Responses to Moral Violations.

People have fundamental tendencies to punish immoral actors treat close others altruistically. What happens when these tendencies collide-do people punish or protect close others who behave immorally? Across 10 studies ( = 2,847), we show that people consistently anticipate protecting close others who commit moral infractions, particularly highly severe acts of theft and sexual harassment. This tendency emerged regardless of gender, political orientation, moral foundations, and disgust sensitivity and was driven by concerns about self-interest, loyalty, and harm. We further find that people justify this tendency by planning to discipline close others on their own. We also identify a psychological mechanism that mitigates the tendency to protect close others who have committed severe (but not mild) moral infractions: self-distancing. These findings highlight the role that relational closeness plays in shaping people's responses to moral violations, underscoring the need to consider relational closeness in future moral psychology work.