Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 20;692:1242-1249. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.226. Epub 2019 Jul 21.
The adaptive capacity of individuals, from their cells to their overall performance, allows species to adjust to environmental change. We assess a hierarchy of responses (from cells to organismal growth and behaviour) to understand the flexibility of adaptive responses to future ocean conditions (warming and acidification) in two species of fish with short lifespans by conducting a long-term mesocosm/aquarium experiment. Fishes were exposed to elevated CO and temperature in a factorial design for a five-month period. We found a feedback mechanism between cellular defence and behavioural responses. In circumstances where their antioxidant defence mechanism was activated (i.e. warming or acidification), increased feeding rates prevented oxidative damage (i.e. during warming Sp. 1). However, when feeding rates failed to increase to provide additional energy needed for antioxidant defence, oxidative damage could not be prevented (warming + acidification Sp. 1). In contrast, when the activation of antioxidant defence was not required, energy intake from increased feeding was redirected to increased fish growth (acidification Sp. 2, warming + acidification Sp. 2), whilst no gain in growth rate was observed where feeding remained unchanged (acidification Sp. 1 or warming Sp. 2). This adaptive strategy seems to rely on the inherent behavioural response of fishes to their environment and such adjustability shows the kind of responses that organisms may express to prevail in future ocean climate. Indeed, assessing the link between responses from cellular to organismal levels, using a diversity of fitness indicators and behaviour, provides a fundamental understanding of how organisms as a whole may adjust to prevail in a future world.
个体的适应能力，从细胞到整体表现，使物种能够适应环境变化。我们评估了一系列的反应（从细胞到生物体的生长和行为），以了解两种寿命较短的鱼类对未来海洋条件（变暖酸化）的适应反应的灵活性，通过进行长期的中观/水族馆实验。鱼类在一个为期五个月的因子设计中暴露在升高的 CO 和温度下。我们发现了细胞防御和行为反应之间的反馈机制。在其抗氧化防御机制被激活的情况下（即变暖或酸化），增加的摄食率可以防止氧化损伤（即 Sp.1 期变暖时）。然而，当摄食率未能增加以提供抗氧化防御所需的额外能量时，氧化损伤就无法预防（Sp.1 期的变暖+酸化）。相比之下，当不需要激活抗氧化防御时，增加的摄食量会重新分配到增加的鱼类生长中（Sp.2 期酸化，Sp.2 期变暖+酸化），而在摄食不变的情况下，生长率没有增加（Sp.1 期酸化或 Sp.2 期变暖）。这种适应性策略似乎依赖于鱼类对环境的固有行为反应，这种可调节性显示了生物体可能表达的适应未来海洋气候的反应类型。事实上，通过使用多种适合度指标和行为来评估从细胞到生物体水平的反应之间的联系，为了解生物体作为一个整体如何在未来世界中适应提供了基本的认识。
