Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
Department of Medical Hygiene, Dental Hygiene Course, Kochi Gakuen College, Kochi 780-0955, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Sep 15;20(18):4571. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184571.
The oral cavity is suggested as the reservoir of bacterial infection, and the oral and pharyngeal biofilms formed by oral bacterial flora, which is comprised of over 700 microbial species, have been found to be associated with systemic conditions. Almost all oral microorganisms are non-pathogenic opportunistic commensals to maintain oral health condition and defend against pathogenic microorganisms. However, oral Streptococci, the first microorganisms to colonize oral surfaces and the dominant microorganisms in the human mouth, has recently gained attention as the pathogens of various systemic diseases, such as infective endocarditis, purulent infections, brain hemorrhage, intestinal inflammation, and autoimmune diseases, as well as bacteremia. As pathogenic factors from oral Streptococci, extracellular polymeric substances, toxins, proteins and nucleic acids as well as vesicles, which secrete these components outside of bacterial cells in biofilm, have been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to consider that the relevance of these pathogenic factors to systemic diseases and also vaccine candidates to protect infectious diseases caused by Streptococci. This review article focuses on the mechanistic links among pathogenic factors from oral Streptococci, inflammation, and systemic diseases to provide the current understanding of oral biofilm infections based on biofilm and widespread systemic diseases.
口腔被认为是细菌感染的储库，而由口腔细菌菌群形成的口腔和咽部生物膜与全身状况有关，这些菌群由超过 700 种微生物组成。几乎所有的口腔微生物都是非致病性机会共生菌，以维持口腔健康状况并抵御致病性微生物。然而，口腔链球菌是最早定植于口腔表面的微生物，也是人类口腔中的主要微生物，最近因其是各种全身疾病（如感染性心内膜炎、化脓性感染、脑出血、肠道炎症和自身免疫性疾病以及菌血症）的病原体而受到关注。作为口腔链球菌的致病因素，已报道了胞外聚合物、毒素、蛋白质和核酸以及囊泡，这些成分在生物膜中分泌到细菌细胞外。因此，有必要考虑这些致病因素与全身疾病的相关性，以及预防链球菌引起的感染性疾病的疫苗候选物。本文综述了口腔链球菌的致病因素、炎症与全身疾病之间的机制联系，旨在基于生物膜和广泛的全身疾病，提供对口腔生物膜感染的最新认识。
