SciProof International AB, Vaktpoststigen 4, 83132 Östersund, Sweden.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Sep 13;16(18):3406. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183406.
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
第五代（5G）无线通信的引入将增加高频供电基站和其他设备的数量。问题是，这些更高的频率（在本次综述中，6-100GHz、毫米波、MMW）是否会对健康产生影响。本综述分析了 94 篇进行体内或体外研究的相关出版物。每项研究的特点包括：研究类型（体内、体外）、生物材料（物种、细胞类型等）、生物终点、暴露（频率、暴露持续时间、功率密度）、结果和某些质量标准。80%的体内研究显示出对暴露的反应，而 58%的体外研究显示出了影响。这些反应影响了所有研究的生物终点。在功率密度、暴露持续时间或频率与暴露效应之间没有一致的关系。现有研究没有提供足够和充分的信息来进行有意义的安全评估，也无法回答非热效应的问题。需要研究小面积（如皮肤或眼睛）的局部热发展以及任何环境影响。我们的质量分析表明，为了使未来的研究有助于安全评估，设计和实施需要显著改进。
