Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada; Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
Vaccine. 2019 Oct 16;37(44):6640-6647. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.046. Epub 2019 Sep 18.
Variations in the composition of commensal gut microbiota have been reported to be major contributors to differences in responses to vaccination among individuals. In chickens, there is limited information on the role of gut microbiota in responses to vaccination. The current study studied the role of gut microbiota in cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to vaccination with a whole inactivated avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2. A total of 166 one-day-old specific pathogen free layer chickens (SPF) were randomly assigned to treatments, where a combination of antibiotic depletion, and probiotics (a combination of five Lactobacillus species) or fecal microbial transplant (FMT) reconstitution were used to study the dynamics of cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to primary and secondary vaccinations at days 15 and 29 of age, respectively. Overall, at days 7 and 14 post primary vaccination (p.p.v.), administration of probiotics to non-depleted chickens resulted in significantly higher mean hemagglutination (HI) titre compared to antibiotic treated chickens. Furthermore, at day 21 p.p.v., chickens treated with probiotics or FMT post-antibiotic treatment showed a significantly higher mean HI titre compared to non-depleted chickens treated with probiotics. At day 7 p.p.v., a significantly higher virus specific IgM and IgG titres were observed in non-depleted chickens administered with probiotics compared to antibiotic depleted chickens, and a significantly higher IgG titre was observed in chickens treated with FMT following antibiotic treatment compared to only antibiotic treatment. Analysis of interferon gamma expression in splenocytes to assess cell-mediated immune responses showed a significantly lower expression in antibiotic-treated chickens compared to non-depleted chickens and FMT reconstituted chickens. Taken together, the current study suggests that shifts in the composition of gut microbiota of chickens may result in changes in cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to vaccination against influenza viruses. Further studies will be needed to highlight the mechanisms involved in this modulation.
共生肠道微生物群落的组成变化被报道是个体对疫苗接种反应差异的主要贡献者。在鸡中，关于肠道微生物群在疫苗接种反应中的作用的信息有限。本研究研究了肠道微生物群在接种全灭活禽流感病毒（H9N2 亚型）的细胞和抗体介导免疫反应中的作用。总共 166 只 1 日龄无特定病原体层鸡（SPF）被随机分配到处理组，其中抗生素消耗和益生菌（五种乳酸菌的组合）或粪便微生物移植（FMT）重建被用于研究细胞和抗体介导的免疫反应在 15 日龄和 29 日龄的初次和二次接种中的动态。总体而言，在初次接种后 7 天和 14 天（p.p.v.），非消耗组鸡给予益生菌可导致平均血凝（HI）效价显著高于抗生素处理组鸡。此外，在初次接种后 21 天（p.p.v.），经抗生素处理后给予益生菌或 FMT 的鸡与给予益生菌的非消耗鸡相比，平均 HI 效价显著更高。在初次接种后 7 天（p.p.v.），与抗生素消耗鸡相比，给予益生菌的非消耗鸡的病毒特异性 IgM 和 IgG 效价显著更高，而经抗生素处理后给予 FMT 的鸡的 IgG 效价显著高于仅接受抗生素处理的鸡。分析脾细胞中干扰素γ表达以评估细胞介导的免疫反应显示，抗生素处理鸡的表达显著低于非消耗鸡和 FMT 重建鸡。综上所述，本研究表明，鸡肠道微生物群组成的变化可能导致对流感病毒疫苗接种的细胞和抗体介导免疫反应发生变化。需要进一步的研究来强调这种调节中涉及的机制。
