Pajač Živković Ivana, Barić Božena, Drmić Zrinka, Kadoić Balaško Martina, Bažok Renata, Lemic Darija, Benitez Hugo Alejandro, Dominguez Davila Jose H, Mikac Katarina Maryann
Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 1000000, Chile.
Insects. 2019 Sep 21;10(10):310. doi: 10.3390/insects10100310.
The codling moth (CM) ( L.) is the most important apple pest in Croatia and Europe. Owing to its economic importance, it is a highly controlled species and the intense selection pressure the species is under has likely caused it to change its phenotype in response. Intensive application of chemical-based insecticide treatments for the control of CM has led to resistance development. In this study, the forewing morphologies of 294 CM (11 populations) were investigated using geometric morphometric procedures based on the venation patterns of 18 landmarks. Finite element method (FEM) was also used to further investigate the dispersal capabilities of moths by modelling wing deformation versus wind speed. Three treatments were investigated and comprised populations from integrated and ecological (susceptible) orchards and laboratory-reared non-resistant populations. Forewing shape differences were found among the three treatment populations investigated. Across all three population treatments, the movement of landmarks 1, 7, 8, 9, and 12 drove the wing shape differences found. A reliable pattern of differences in forewing shape as related to control practice type was observed. FEM revealed that as wind speed (m/s) increased, so too did wing deformation (mm) for CM from each of the three treatments modelled. CM from the ecological orchards displayed the least deformation followed by integrated then laboratory-reared CM, which had the highest wing deformation at the highest wind speeds. This study presents an affordable and accessible technique that reliably demonstrates wing shape differences, and thus its use as a population biomarker to detect resistance should be further investigated.
苹果蠹蛾（CM）（鳞翅目）是克罗地亚和欧洲最重要的苹果害虫。由于其经济重要性，它是一种受到严格管控的物种，该物种所面临的强烈选择压力可能导致其表型发生相应变化。为控制苹果蠹蛾而大量使用基于化学的杀虫剂处理已导致其产生抗性。在本研究中，基于18个地标点的脉序模式，采用几何形态测量方法对294只苹果蠹蛾（11个种群）的前翅形态进行了研究。还使用有限元方法（FEM）通过模拟翅膀变形与风速的关系来进一步研究蛾类的扩散能力。研究了三种处理方式，包括来自综合果园和生态（易感）果园的种群以及实验室饲养的非抗性种群。在所研究的三种处理种群之间发现了前翅形状差异。在所有三种种群处理中，地标点1、7、8、9和12的移动导致了所发现的翅膀形状差异。观察到与防治措施类型相关的前翅形状差异的可靠模式。有限元方法表明，随着风速（米/秒）增加，所模拟的三种处理方式中的苹果蠹蛾的翅膀变形（毫米）也增加。来自生态果园的苹果蠹蛾变形最小，其次是综合果园的，然后是实验室饲养的苹果蠹蛾，在最高风速下其翅膀变形最大。本研究提出了一种经济实惠且易于使用的技术，该技术能可靠地证明翅膀形状差异，因此其作为检测抗性的种群生物标志物的用途应进一步研究。
