Franck P, Reyes M, Olivares J, Sauphanor B
UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, INRA, F-84000 Avignon Cedex 9, France.
Mol Ecol. 2007 Sep;16(17):3554-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03410.x.
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is renowned for developing resistance to insecticides and causing significant economic damage to pome fruits worldwide. In spite of its economic importance, little is known about the patterns of movement of this pest and the effects of insecticide treatment on the population genetic structure. Here, we investigated the genetic structure of the pest in 27 orchards from France, Italy, Armenia and Chile at seven microsatellite loci and two resistance markers [biochemical activity of cytochrome P450 oxidases and proportion of knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles in the sodium channel gene]. According to the microsatellite loci, we detected isolation by distance at the supranational scale but found no evidence of geographical structure among the 24 French orchards, which were mainly structured by the intensity of the insecticide treatments. Similarly, the highest levels of metabolic resistance associated with activity of the cytochrome P450 oxidases were detected in the most treated orchards. The kdr alleles were observed in southern France and Armenia where the pyrethroid insecticides were or have been intensively sprayed. The intensity of the insecticide treatments marginally affected the allelic richness in each orchard, but not the level of inbreeding. These results suggest important and high-distance gene flow among the codling moth populations, which were mainly structured according to the history of insecticide applications. Differences in mutation-migration-drift equilibrium among treated and untreated orchards also suggest that insecticide applications are the main force regulating the local dynamics of codling moth populations.
苹果蠹蛾（Cydia pomonella）以对杀虫剂产生抗性并给全球范围内的仁果类水果造成重大经济损失而闻名。尽管其具有经济重要性，但对于这种害虫的移动模式以及杀虫剂处理对种群遗传结构的影响却知之甚少。在此，我们在七个微卫星位点和两个抗性标记（细胞色素P450氧化酶的生化活性以及钠通道基因中击倒抗性（kdr）等位基因的比例）上，对来自法国、意大利、亚美尼亚和智利的27个果园中的该害虫的遗传结构进行了调查。根据微卫星位点，我们在超国家尺度上检测到了距离隔离，但在24个法国果园中未发现地理结构的证据，这些果园主要是由杀虫剂处理强度构建的。同样，在处理最多的果园中检测到与细胞色素P450氧化酶活性相关的最高水平的代谢抗性。在法国南部和亚美尼亚观察到了kdr等位基因，在那里拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂曾被或一直在大量喷洒。杀虫剂处理强度对每个果园的等位基因丰富度有轻微影响，但对近亲繁殖水平没有影响。这些结果表明苹果蠹蛾种群之间存在重要且远距离的基因流动，其主要是根据杀虫剂应用历史构建的。处理过和未处理过的果园之间在突变 - 迁移 - 漂变平衡上的差异也表明，杀虫剂应用是调节苹果蠹蛾种群局部动态的主要力量。
