Introducing Specificity to Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Imaging by Combining Fe-Based MRI and Mass Spectrometry.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) are highly sensitive probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that have previously been used for in vivo cell tracking and have enabled implementation of several diagnostic tools to detect and monitor disease. However, the in vivo MRI signal of ION can overlap with the signal from endogenous iron, resulting in a lack of detection specificity. Therefore, the long-term fate of administered ION remains largely unknown, and possible tissue deposition of iron cannot be assessed with established methods. Herein, we combine nonradioactive Fe-ION MRI with ex vivo laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging, enabling unambiguous differentiation between endogenous iron (Fe) and iron originating from applied ION in mice. We establish Fe-ION as an in vivo MRI sensor for cell tracking in a mouse model of subcutaneous inflammation and for assessing the long-term fate of Fe-ION. Our approach resolves the lack of detection specificity in ION imaging by unambiguously recording a Fe signature.