Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
J Wildl Dis. 2020 Jan;56(1):1-15. Epub 2019 Sep 30.
The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment has potential negative economic and health consequences. Thus, previous investigations have targeted wild animals to understand the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in diverse environmental sources. In this critical review and synthesis, we summarized important concepts learned through the sampling of wildlife for antibiotic-resistant indicator bacteria. These concepts are helpful for understanding dissemination of resistance through environmental pathways and helping to guide future research efforts. Our review begins by briefly introducing antibiotic resistance as it pertains to bacteria harbored in environmental sources such as wild animals. Next, we differentiate wildlife from other animals in the context of how diverse taxa provide different information on antibiotic resistance in the environment. In the third section of our review, we identify representative research and seminal works that illustrate important associations between the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wildlife and anthropogenic inputs into the environment. For example, we highlight numerous investigations that support the premise that anthropogenic inputs into the environment drive the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria harbored by free-ranging wildlife. Additionally, we summarize previous research demonstrating foraging as a mechanism by which wildlife may be exposed to anthropogenic antibiotic resistance contamination in the environment. In the fourth section of our review, we summarize molecular evidence for the acquisition and dissemination of resistance among bacteria harbored by wildlife. In the fifth section, we identify what we believe to be important data gaps and potential future directions that other researchers may find useful toward the development of efficient, informative, and impactful investigations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wildlife. Finally, we conclude our review by highlighting the need to move from surveys that simply identify antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wildlife toward hypothesis-driven investigations that: 1) identify point sources of antibiotic resistance; 2) provide information on risk to human and animal health; 3) identify interventions that may interrupt environmentally mediated pathways of antibiotic resistance acquisition and transmission; and 4) evaluate whether management practices are leading to desirable outcomes.
环境中抗生素耐药菌的增殖具有潜在的负面经济和健康后果。因此，先前的调查针对野生动物，以了解不同环境来源中抗生素耐药性的发生。在本批判性评论和综合中，我们总结了通过采样野生动物来了解抗生素耐药指示菌在环境中发生情况的重要概念。这些概念有助于理解通过环境途径传播耐药性，并有助于指导未来的研究工作。
我们的评论首先简要介绍了与环境来源（如野生动物）中携带的细菌有关的抗生素耐药性。接下来，我们在不同分类群如何提供有关环境中抗生素耐药性的不同信息的背景下，将野生动物与其他动物区分开来。在我们评论的第三部分，我们确定了具有代表性的研究和开创性工作，这些研究和开创性工作说明了野生动物中抗生素耐药细菌的发生与环境中人为输入之间的重要关联。例如，我们强调了许多调查结果，这些调查结果支持了这样的前提，即环境中的人为输入推动了自由放养野生动物中携带的细菌对抗生素耐药性的发生。此外，我们总结了先前的研究，这些研究表明觅食是野生动物可能接触环境中人为抗生素耐药性污染的一种机制。在我们评论的第四部分，我们总结了野生动物携带的细菌中耐药性的获得和传播的分子证据。在第五部分，我们确定了我们认为重要的数据差距和潜在的未来方向，其他研究人员可能会发现这些差距和方向对野生动物中抗生素耐药细菌的高效、信息丰富和有影响力的调查有用。最后，我们通过强调从简单识别野生动物中抗生素耐药细菌的调查转向假设驱动的调查来结束我们的评论：1）确定抗生素耐药性的点源；2）提供有关人类和动物健康风险的信息；3）确定可能中断抗生素耐药性获得和传播的环境介导途径的干预措施；以及 4）评估管理实践是否导致理想的结果。
