Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jan 1;111(1):42-51. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz251.
The extent to which dairy products and their fat content influence cardiovascular health remains uncertain.
This study aimed to assess how consumption of low-fat milk and regular-fat cheese enriched in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) influences daytime ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and other cardiometabolic risk factors.
In this crossover controlled feeding study, 55 healthy men and women with high-normal daytime BP were randomly assigned to sequences of three 6-wk isoenergetic diets, each comprising 1) no dairy (control diet), 2) 3 daily servings of 1% fat milk, and 3) 1 daily serving of 31% fat cheddar cheese naturally enriched in GABA. Total proteins, carbohydrates, and fats were matched across all 3 diets. The additional 2% of energy from SFAs in the cheese diet was replaced by n-6 PUFAs in the other diets.
Comparison of postdiet ambulatory systolic BP revealed no difference (P = 0.34), which was also the case for ambulatory diastolic BP (P = 0.45). The cheese diet increased serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with the control and milk diets (+5.8%, P = 0.006 and +7.0%, P = 0.0008, respectively) and increased LDL particle size compared with the milk diet (P = 0.02). HDL-cholesterol concentrations after the milk diet were lower than after the control diet (-4.1%; P = 0.009). The milk and cheese diets increased triglycerides compared with the control diet (+9.9%, P = 0.01 and +10.5%, P = 0.007, respectively). There was no significant difference between all diets for C-reactive protein concentrations and markers of glucose/insulin homeostasis.
These results suggest that short-term consumption of dairy products, whether low or regular in fat, has no overall effect on daytime ambulatory BP compared with a dairy-free diet. Other cardiometabolic risk factors may be differently modified according to the fat content of the dairy product. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02763930.
乳制品及其脂肪含量对心血管健康的影响程度仍不确定。
本研究旨在评估低脂肪牛奶和富含γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的普通脂肪奶酪的摄入如何影响日间动态血压（BP）和其他心血管代谢危险因素。
在这项交叉对照喂养研究中，55 名白天血压偏高的健康男性和女性被随机分配到三种为期 6 周的等能量饮食序列中，每种饮食包括 1）无乳制品（对照饮食），2）每天 3 份 1%脂肪牛奶，3）每天 1 份天然富含 GABA 的 31%脂肪切达干酪。在所有 3 种饮食中，总蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪均相匹配。奶酪饮食中额外的 2%来自 SFA 的能量由其他饮食中的 n-6 PUFA 替代。
与对照饮食相比，后饮食日间收缩压（SBP）无差异（P=0.34），日间舒张压（DBP）也无差异（P=0.45）。与对照饮食和牛奶饮食相比，奶酪饮食增加了血清 LDL-胆固醇浓度（分别增加了+5.8%，P=0.006 和+7.0%，P=0.0008），并增加了 LDL 颗粒大小（与牛奶饮食相比，P=0.02）。与对照饮食相比，牛奶饮食后 HDL-胆固醇浓度较低（-4.1%，P=0.009）。与对照饮食相比，牛奶和奶酪饮食增加了甘油三酯（分别增加了+9.9%，P=0.01 和+10.5%，P=0.007）。所有饮食之间 C 反应蛋白浓度和葡萄糖/胰岛素稳态标志物无显著差异。
这些结果表明，与无乳制品饮食相比，短期摄入低脂或普通脂肪的乳制品对日间动态血压无总体影响。其他心血管代谢危险因素可能根据乳制品的脂肪含量而有所不同。本试验在 clinicaltrials.gov 上注册为 NCT02763930。
