Mechanism of alloxan-induced calcium release from rat liver mitochondria.

The objective of the present work was to investigate the mechanism of alloxan-induced Ca2+ release from rat liver mitochondria. Transport of Ca2+, oxidation and hydrolysis of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides, changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption by mitochondria were investigated. Alloxan does not inhibit the uptake of Ca2+ but stimulates the release of Ca2+ from liver mitochondria, which is accompanied by oxidation and hydrolysis of pyridine nucleotides. Oxidation of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides by alloxan is not mediated by glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase and may occur largely nonenzymatically. Measurements of the mitochondrial membrane potential in combination with inhibitors of Ca2+ reuptake indicate that Ca2+ release takes place from intact liver mitochondria via a distinct pathway. Limited redox cycling of alloxan by mitochondria is indicated by measurements of the membrane potential and O2 consumption in the presence of cyanide. It is concluded that alloxan can cause Ca2+ release from intact rat liver mitochondria. Redox cycling of alloxan is not significantly involved in the Ca2+ release mechanism. Oxidation and hydrolysis of pyridine nucleotides, possibly in conjunction with oxidation of critical sulfhydryl groups, seem to be key events in the alloxan-induced Ca2+ release. Disturbance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis may partly explain alloxan toxicity.